六、移民遭受非人道对待
VI. Migrants Suffer Inhumane Treatment
美国数十年在拉丁美洲“后院”的干涉政策直接导致了美洲地区移民问题不断恶化。美国现任政府却基于政治考虑，采取史无前例的极端措施和非人道的执法行动残酷对待移民，侵犯移民人权事件频繁发生，受到国际社会严厉谴责。
Decades of US intervention in its “backyard” Latin America directly led to the worsening of the immigration problems in the Americas. The current US government, out of political considerations, took unprecedented extreme measures and inhumane law enforcement actions toward immigrants, resulting in frequent human rights violations of immigrants that were severely condemned by the international community.
“零容忍”政策造成骨肉分离。近年来，美国政府日趋严苛和非人道地对待移民，尤其是2018年4月实施“零容忍”政策，导致大量儿童被迫与父母、兄弟姐妹分离。美国公民自由联盟网站2019年10月25日报道，自2017年7月以来，美国移民当局在边境已将5400多名儿童与父母分离。该组织律师李·格勒恩特认为，这项不人道和非法的政策使数千家庭支离破碎，“很多家庭承受了永难抚平的巨大伤痛。”被分离的孩子被关在单独的设施中长达数月。美国海关和边境保护局提供的录像显示，一些儿童甚至被关在笼子里，身上仅盖着薄毯。时任联合国人权事务高级专员扎伊德·侯赛因在2018年6月18日人权理事会会议上表示，将移民儿童与父母分离，可能构成“受到政府批准的儿童虐待”。联合国移民人权问题特别报告员莫拉莱斯呼吁美国停止基于移民身份对无人陪伴以及与家人同行的儿童实施拘禁。他表示，基于移民身份对儿童实施拘禁违反国际法，有损儿童福祉，将对儿童产生长期严重的不利影响。《华盛顿邮报》网站2019年7月30日报道，美国政府迫于各方谴责和压力，不得不表面上终止了“零容忍”政策，却继续强行将近1000名儿童与父母分离，其中20%的儿童年龄不足5岁。美国政府将儿童与其寻求庇护的父母强行分开，上述行径严重危及移民的生命权、人格尊严和人身自由等多项人权。联合国网站2019年9月9日报道，联合国人权事务高级专员米歇尔·巴切莱特在人权理事会第42届会议开幕式上发表讲话指出，美国政府继续将移民儿童与其父母分开，并试图制定无限期拘留儿童的行政规则，这一系列政策大大减少了对移民家庭的保护，给儿童造成深刻的创伤，这是没有任何理由可以开脱的。
"Zero-tolerance" policy caused family separation. In recent years, the US government had adopted increasingly strict and inhumane measures against immigrants, in particular the “zero-tolerance” policy announced in April 2018 which caused the separations of many families. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) reported on its website on Oct 25, 2019 that US immigration authorities had separated more than 5,400 children from their parents at the Mexico border since July 2017. Lee Gelernt, attorney of the ACLU, said the inhumane and illegal policy torn apart thousands of families, including babies and toddlers. “Families have suffered tremendously, and some may never recover.” Some children were detained in separate facilities for months. Video footage provided by the US Customs and Border Protection showed children in cages and under thin space blankets. The practice of forcing parents to part with their children could constitute "government-sanctioned child abuse," Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, UN high commissioner for human rights, said at a Human Rights Council session on June 18, 2018. Felipe González Morales, the UN special rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, called for a halt to the detention of unaccompanied migrant children and families with children for reasons related to their administrative immigration status. He said detention of children based on their migratory status was a violation of the international law, noting that the move was detrimental to the well-being of a child and produced long-term severe adverse impacts on children. The Washington Post reported on its website on July 30, 2019 that the US government had taken nearly 1,000 migrant children from their parents at the US-Mexico border since the judge ordered the US government to curtail the practice more than a year ago. Approximately 20 percent of the new separations affected children under 5 years old. The practice of forcing children to separate from their parents severely infringed migrants’ human rights. In a speech delivered by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet at the 42nd session of the Human Rights Council on Sept 9, 2019, she said the continued separation of migrant children from their parents and the prospect of a new rule which would enable children to be indefinitely detained had sharply reduced the protection for migrant families. “Nothing can justify inflicting such profound trauma on any child.”
移民儿童处境悲惨。《华盛顿邮报》网站2019年8月22日报道，国土安全部等部门发布新规定，将允许美国拘留中心扣押儿童及其父母超过20天，这使得政府可以根据需要拘留整个家庭，甚至允许几乎无限制地监禁儿童。截至2019年9月，至少有2838名移民儿童被隔离关押在得克萨斯州35个收容所内，这些收容所长期存在严重的卫生和安全问题。2016年至2019年，检查人员发现了超过552项卫生和安全违规行为。《洛杉矶时报》网站2019年12月10日报道，2018年联邦移民拘留中心有3名儿童死于流感，死亡率是普通人群的10倍。马里奥·门多萨医生说，执法当局拒绝向儿童提供基本医疗保健是故意的、残忍的、不人道的。《纽约时报》网站2019年6月26日报道，由律师、医生、记者等组成的检查团在考察得克萨斯州克林特边境收容所的拘留所时发现，儿童身处监狱般的环境中，数百名儿童被关在一个牢房中，几乎没有成年人监管。有成员将其拘留设施条件比作“酷刑设施”。《巴尔的摩太阳报》网站2019年7月31日报道，美国南部边境的麦卡伦边境巡逻站存在着严重的人道主义危机。移民中心人满为患，许多移民家庭挤住在一起，孩子们被关在笼子里，穿着到美国以后就没有换过的脏衣服。联合国网站2019年7月8日报道，联合国人权事务高级专员米歇尔·巴切莱特对美国拘留中心脏乱拥挤、缺医少食的恶劣条件深感震惊，指出拘留移民儿童可能构成国际法所禁止的残忍、不人道或有辱人格的对待。
Migrant children were in the ordeal. According to a report by the Washington Post on its website on Aug 22, 2019, two federal agencies that handle immigrants — the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Homeland Security — said they would issue a rule allowing children to stay with their parents in US detention centers for longer than the current 20-day maximum. The change would let the administration keep entire families in custody as long as needed and allow virtually unlimited incarceration of children. As of September 2019, at least 2,838 unaccompanied migrant children lived in 35 shelters across Texas. These shelters had a long history of regulatory inspections that had uncovered serious health and safety deficiencies. Between 2016 and 2019, inspectors discovered more than 552 health and safety violations at the facilities. The Los Angeles Times reported on its website on Dec 10, 2019 that three children died from the flu while in federal immigration custody in 2018. The flu mortality rate among migrant children in federal immigration custody was nine times higher than the general population. The report quoted Dr. Mario Mendoza, a retired anesthesiologist, as saying that denying children the basic healthcare being offered was intentionally cruel and inhumane. According to a report by the New York Times on its website on June 26, 2019, a group of journalists, physicians and lawyers were allowed on tours of the border station in Clint, Texas, where hundreds of migrant children were held. A physician likened the conditions to “torture facilities.” According to a report by the Baltimore Sun on its website on July 31, 2019, the conditions of the McAllen Border Patrol Station was disturbing. The author of the report recounted that “I saw many families huddled together in overcrowded conditions. I saw children behind fencing and basically in cages. Some children were in clothing that was soiled and had not been changed since they arrived in the United States.” UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet said in a report published on the UN website on July 8, 2019 that she was appalled by conditions of migrants and refugees in detention in the United States. “I am deeply shocked that children are forced to sleep on the floor in overcrowded facilities, without access to adequate healthcare or food, and with poor sanitation conditions,” she said, adding that the detention of migrant children may constitute cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment that is prohibited by the international law.
移民受到残酷虐待。《华盛顿邮报》网站2018年11月26日报道，美国当局多次在美国与墨西哥边境使用催泪瓦斯，阻止来自中美洲的移民，导致多人受伤。《纽约时报》2019年6月21日报道，国土安全部监察员的报告显示，埃尔帕索边境收容所处于过度拥挤的危险状况，多达900名移民被关押在一个设计容量为125人拘禁场所中。一些被拘留者被关在只有站立条件的房间长达数天或几个星期。《时代》周刊网站2019年7月10日报道，自2018年以来，共有24名移民在美国边境收容所拘留期间死亡。亚利桑那州新闻网2019年7月8日报道，亚利桑那州犹太人社区团体2019年7月2日在凤凰城组织示威活动，抗议移民拘留中心对人权的侵犯，指出拘留条件严重违反了人道标准，比如食品过期、医疗短缺、浴室发霉和隐瞒安全事故。美国有线电视新闻网2018年6月22日报道，一个收容所的医疗记录显示，拘留儿童被强迫注射了抗精神病药和镇静剂。一名来自萨尔瓦多的13岁少年称，当他试图逃离收容所时，被工作人员殴打致伤，还被注射了“让他平静下来”的药物。一份法庭记录显示，一名11岁女孩称，她每天被要求服用10粒药片，服药后会感到头痛、食欲不振和恶心。一名为逃离父亲虐待入境美国的危地马拉少年被关在加利福尼亚州约洛县少年拘留所近两年，被当作罪犯一样对待。在弗吉尼亚州雪兰多亚山谷青少年收容中心，儿童被工作人员嘲弄、用笔刺伤、抢走衣服和床垫，甚至戴上手铐。
Migrants suffer cruel abuses. The Washington Post reported on its website on Nov 26, 2018 that the US authorities used tear gas on multiple occasions to stop migrants from Central America, injuring many people. According to a report by the New York Times on June 21, 2019, a report of the Department of Homeland Security showed that the border processing center in El Paso held up to 900 migrants at a facility designed for 125. Some of the detainees had been held in standing-room-only conditions for days or weeks. The Time magazine reported on its website on July 10, 2019 that 24 immigrants had died in US custody since 2018. According to a report by Arizona Range News on its website on July 8, 2019, the community group Arizona Jews for Justice organized demonstrations in Phoenix on July 2, 2019, protesting against human rights violations by immigrant detention centers and denouncing the squalid detention conditions that seriously violated humane standards, including expired food, inadequate medical care, moldy bathrooms and unreported security incidents. CNN on June 22, 2018 reported grave abuse at migrant detention facilities. It said the medical records of Shiloh Treatment Center, one of the detention facilities, showed that children were being injected with sedatives and antipsychotics. A 13-year-old from El Salvador described an incident when, after he tried to run away, he was assaulted by staff — causing him to faint and leaving him with bruises. Then, despite his objections, he was given an injection of a drug "to calm him down." An 11-year-old referred to as Maricela in court records said she was taking 10 pills a day that had side effects including headaches, loss of appetite and nausea. One teenager, who fled Guatemala to escape an abusive father and forced child labor, had been in federal custody for almost two years at Yolo County Juvenile Detention Facility in California, another secure facility paid by the government to house migrant children, which he described as a juvenile jail where they were treated like criminals. At Shenandoah Valley Juvenile Center, detainees reported being stabbed with a pen, kept in handcuffs, taunted by staff and being deprived of clothing and mattresses.
美国是美洲地区移民问题不断恶化的始作俑者。英国《卫报》网站2018年12月19日报道，作为美国冷战的衍生品，20世纪80年代拉丁美洲地区的局势不稳定，是造成当今拉丁美洲国家政治和经济困局至关重要的因素，拉丁美洲移民北上正是为了逃脱美国所制造的“地狱”。《汤姆快讯》网站2019年8月15日发表文章称，推动拉丁美洲民众离开家园的因素包括内战、政变、黑帮势力盛行、政府腐败和饥荒等，这些因素的产生很大程度上是由于美国数十年在拉丁美洲“后院”的干涉政策。
The United States was the culprit of the worsening immigration problems in the Americas. The Guardian reported on its website on Dec 19, 2018 that “the destabilization in the 1980s — which was very much part of the US cold war effort — was incredibly important in creating the kind of political and economic conditions that exist in those countries today. The families in the migrant caravans trudging toward the US border are trying to escape a hell that the US has helped to create.” An article carried by commondreams.com on Aug 15, 2019 said that factors driving Central Americans from their homes were political corruption and repression, the power of the drug cartels and climate change — all factors that, in significant ways, could be attributed to the United States’ actions in Latin America for decades.
