四、妇女面临严重歧视与暴力
IV. Severe Discrimination and Violence Against Women
建国两个多世纪以来，美国妇女一直在为争取性别平等而斗争。但时至今日，美国仍未批准《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，妇女依然遭受着系统的、广泛的、制度化的歧视，各种公开的、隐蔽的性别歧视现象触目惊心。 Since the founding of the United States over two centuries ago, women have been fighting for gender equality. But even to this day, the United States has still not ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women. Women in the United States still face systematic, broad and institutional discrimination, with shocking overt and covert gender discrimination in various forms.
女性面临严重暴力侵犯。据城镇枪支安全组织网站2019年10月17日报道，在枪支泛滥的大背景下，美国成为高收入国家中女性处境最危险的国度。2015年，高收入国家被枪杀的女性中92%来自美国，美国女性被枪击致死的概率比其他高收入国家高21倍，近半被枪击致死的女性是被现任或前任亲密伴侣杀害的。研究发现，在施暴过程中，枪支使施暴者杀害女性的可能性增加了5倍。美国平均每个月有52名女性被其伴侣枪杀致死，有450万名妇女被报道曾受到枪支威胁。《今日美国报》网站2019年11月20日报道，与家庭暴力有关的谋杀案的数量正在不断上升。联合国妇女署数据显示，多达70%美国女性曾遭受来自亲密伴侣的身体或性暴力。美国全国反家庭暴力联盟称，三分之一的女性遭受过亲密伴侣的暴力。在被谋杀的女性中，三分之一是被亲密伴侣杀害的。
Women face severe violent assaults. Everytown Research reported on its website on Oct 17, 2019 that the United States was the most dangerous country for women among high-income nations considering its widespread and growing use of guns by abusers. In 2015, an astounding 92 percent of all women killed with guns in these countries were from the United States. Women in the United States were 21 times more likely to die by firearm homicide than women in peer nations, and nearly half of female firearm homicide victims were killed by a current or former intimate partner, the report said. The study found that access to a gun made it five times more likely that the abusive partner will kill his female victim. Every month, an average of 52 women were shot and killed by an intimate partner, with 4.5 million women having reported being threatened with a gun. USA Today reported on Nov 20, 2019 that the number of domestic violence-related homicides was rising. According to UN Women, up to 70 percent of US women had experienced physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime. According to the US National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, one in three women had experienced some form of physical violence by an intimate partner. Of women who were murdered, one in three was killed by an intimate partner.
女性普遍面临性侵犯和性骚扰威胁。美国“停止街头骚扰”组织、加州大学圣地亚哥分校等多家机构联合研究指出，81%的美国女性称在一生中经历过某种形式的性骚扰或性侵犯。发表在《美国医学会内科学》的一项研究显示，超过330万18岁至44岁的美国女性在第一次发生性行为时遭到强奸。研究人员推断，美国每16位女性中就有1位有类似经历，这些遭受侵犯的女性平均年龄仅为15.6岁。联合国网站2019年11月24日引用联合国妇女署数据指出，近四分之一的美国女大学生表示曾遭到过性侵或性骚扰。美国有线电视新闻网2019年5月2日报道，根据五角大楼发布的报告，美国现役女兵的被性侵率显著上升，17岁至24岁的女性遭受性侵的风险最高。《陆军时报》网站2019年8月21日报道，现役女兵被性侵的比率，从2016年的4.4%上升到2018年的5.8%。 Women face common sexual offending and sexual harassment. According to a joint survey by institutions including US nonprofit organization Stop Street Harassment and University of California San Diego, 81 percent of women had experienced some form of sexual harassment during their lifetime. According to a study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, more than 3.3 million US women aged 18 to 44 were raped the first time they had sexual intercourse. Researchers estimated that one in 16 US women had similar experiences and the average age of women who experienced forced sexual initiation was 15.6. The UN website cited data from UN Women on Nov 24, 2019 that about a quarter of female undergraduate university students reported having experienced sexual assault or sexual misconduct. CNN reported on May 2, 2019 that, according to a report released by the Pentagon, sexual assault rates for women in the active duty force increased significantly, with women between the ages of 17 to 24 being at the highest risk of sexual assault. Army Times reported on Aug 21, 2019 that sexual assault prevalence in the Army rose for women from 4.4 percent in 2016 to 5.8 percent in 2018.
性侵案件数量持续上升。根据联邦调查局2019年发布的《2018年美国犯罪报告》，2018年执法部门收到了139380起强奸案件的报告，比2017年增长2.7%，比2014年增长18.1%。《丹佛邮报》网站2019年3月15日报道，51名女性受害者向科罗拉多州联邦法院提起诉讼，指控美国奥委会在国家体操队前队医纳沙尔和前教练员性侵队员事件中的“不作为”。大多数原告在被侵害时为未成年人，最小的受害者当时仅8岁。51名原告称，美国奥委会本可以阻止这些侵害行为，但他们没有采取有效措施。 Sexual assault cases kept increasing. According to the 2018 Crime in the United States report released by the FBI in 2019, there were an estimated 139,380 rapes reported to law enforcement in 2018, 2.7 percent higher than the 2017 estimate and 18.1 percent higher than the 2014 estimate. According to a report by the Denver Post on March 15, 2019, 51 females filed charges to the US District Court for the District of Colorado against the US Olympic Committee, its officers, directors and national governing board for failing to prevent sexual abuse by former coaches and national team doctor Larry Nassar. A majority of the plaintiffs were minors at the time of the abuse and some were still minors, with the youngest athlete listed in the lawsuit being only eight. The 51 plaintiffs said the US Olympic Committee could have prevented the abuse of young female athletes, but failed to take effective measures.
职场性别歧视广泛存在。《路易斯安那周报》网站2019年12月16日报道称，超过40%的女性表示，她们在工作中遭遇过性别歧视，无法获得同工同酬或升职。人口普查局2019年11月发布的数据显示，2018年，全职女性员工周薪中位数是全职男性员工的81%。《纽约时报》网站2019年2月8日报道，美国大公司里普遍存在对怀孕女性的歧视，拒绝招聘孕妇或不给予孕妇升职加薪是普遍现象，雇员一旦抱怨就会被解雇。《赫芬顿邮报》网站2019年12月4日报道指出，美国是少数不保证给新生儿母亲提供带薪休假的国家之一。智库机构“新美国”的调查显示，48%的母亲在休假照顾幼儿时无法获得任何薪酬。马萨诸塞大学社会学家的研究显示，每生育一个孩子会让女性时薪减少4%。美国平等就业机会委员会每年收到有关歧视孕妇的投诉数量在过去20年稳步上升，目前维持在历史最高水平。据世界经济论坛全球性别鸿沟指数的估算数据，美国还需要208年才能实现两性平等。
Gender discrimination in the workplace extensively exists. The Louisiana Weekly on Dec 16, 2019 reported that, among women, more than four in ten said they had experienced gender discrimination in the workplace when it comes to getting equal pay or promotions. Data released by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics in November 2019 showed that, in 2018, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 81 percent of the earnings of male full-time wage and salary workers. The New York Times on Feb 8, 2019 reported that throughout the US workplace, pregnancy discrimination remained widespread. They were passed over for promotions and raises, and were fired when they complain, the report said. HuffPost reported on Dec 4, 2019 that the United States was one of just a handful of countries that does not guarantee any paid time off to new mothers. New America's report showed that 48 percent of mothers had taken unpaid leave to care for a new baby. Each child chopped 4 percent off a woman's hourly wages, according to an analysis by a sociologist at the University of Massachusetts. The number of pregnancy discrimination claims filed annually with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission had been steadily rising for two decades and was hovering near an all-time high. Based on data from the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index, it was estimated that it would take the United States another 208 years to reach gender equality.
性别歧视与种族歧视叠加。性别与种族双重歧视使得少数种族妇女处境尤为悲惨。《慈善新闻摘要》网站2019年2月8日报道，一项针对逾4300名非营利组织工作人员的调查显示，少数种族女性在求职或升职时经常因肤色或性别而遭受不公平对待。波士顿公共广播电台网站2019年10月28日报道，女性从事低薪酬工作的比例远高于男性。只有20%的白人男性从事低薪工作，而有40%的非洲裔女性从事低薪工作，46%的拉美裔女性从事低薪工作。美国消费者新闻与商业频道网站2019年4月2日报道，非洲裔女性的收入只有白人男性的61%，土著女性的收入只有白人男性的58%，拉美裔女性的收入仅为白人男性的53%。《华尔街日报》网站2019年11月22日报道称，拉美裔女性承受着少数种族女性中最严重的性别工资差异。2019年的数据显示，拉美裔女性的收入比白人男性低46%，比白人女性低31%。
Problems of gender and racial discrimination overlap. Faced with both gender and racial discrimination, ethnic minority women were under particularly miserable conditions. Philanthropy News Digest reported on Feb 8, 2019 that, based on a survey of over 4,300 nonprofit staff, women of color were unfairly treated in terms of finding new jobs and promotions. WBUR reported on Oct 28, 2019 that only about 20 percent of white men were working in low-wage jobs, while 40 percent of black women were working in low wage jobs and then 46 percent of Latino or Hispanic women. CNBC reported on April 2, 2019 that black women earned 61 US cents for every dollar earned by their white male counterparts. The reported added that Native American women earned 58 cents to every dollar, and Latina women earned 53 cents. The Wall Street Journal reported on Nov 22, 2019 that Latina women suffered from the worst gender wage gap for any group of minority women. Data for 2019 showed that Latina women earned 46 percent less than white men and 31 percent less than white women.
女性面临更严重的贫困威胁。《今日美国报》网站2019年11月6日报道，华尔街职业分析机构对美国人口普查局相关统计数据的分析指出，更高比例的女性生活在贫困线以下。男性生活在贫困线以下的比例为10.6%，而女性的这一比例高达12.9%。美国是工资性别差距最大的发达国家，70%的穷人是妇女和儿童。美国710万贫困老年人中，几乎三分之二是女性。根据人口普查局的估算，65岁以上的女性中有16%生活在贫困线以下。非洲裔、拉美裔和土著老年妇女的贫困率几乎是白人老年妇女的两倍。哈佛大学的一项研究显示，自2009年以来，美国国会大幅削减了对妇女商业发展中心的资助。联邦和各州也都减少了帮助妇女抚养子女与重新就业的资金和项目。这使得妇女贫困问题雪上加霜。
Women face more severe threat from poverty. USA Today reported on Nov 6, 2019 that, according to 24/7 Wall St., women were far more likely than men to live below the poverty line. A total of 10.6 percent of men in the United States lived below the poverty line, while 12.9 percent for women. Gender wage gap in the United States remained among the highest in the rich world and 70 percent of US poor were women and children. Of the 7.1 million older adults living in poverty in the United States, nearly two out of three were women. The US Census Bureau estimated that 16 percent of women aged over 65 lived at or below the poverty line. Black, Hispanic, and Native American women were almost two times more likely to live in poverty than older white women. According to a Harvard study, US Congress had severely cut funding to women's business development centers beginning in 2009. In addition, nearly every state in the United States had cut funding and programs (also reduced at the federal level) that had once helped women enforce their child support awards and trained them to re-enter the workforce. Such moves had exacerbated women's poverty problems.
