三、少数族裔饱受欺凌排斥
III. Ethnic Minorities Suffer from Bullying and Exclusion
种族歧视始终伴随着美国发展历史，肤色在决定美国人的命运方面具有举足轻重的作用。白人至上的政治架构和意识形态，使得少数种族在美国的政治、经济、文化、社会生活等各个领域遭受全方位的歧视。
Racial discrimination has always accompanied the development of the United States in history, and skin color plays an important role in determining the fate of Americans. The political structure and ideology of white supremacy have caused ethnic minorities to suffer all-round discrimination in various fields such as politics, economy, culture and social life in the United States.
白人至上主义甚嚣尘上。美国在骨子里依然是一个白人盎格鲁－撒克逊新教徒的国家，所有不符合这些特性的种族、族群和宗教文化群体都不可避免地遭受到或多或少的歧视。2016年以来，美国的白人至上主义呈现回潮之势，导致种族对立与仇恨情绪弥漫。英国《卫报》网站2019年11月12日报道，美国南方贫困问题法律中心的调查报告显示，白宫高级顾问斯蒂芬·米勒利用来自白人至上主义者、伊斯兰教仇视者和极端右翼网站的素材，塑造了极端右翼网站布赖特巴特新闻网2016年的总统选举报道。米勒还对20世纪初美国以种族为基础的限制性移民政策大加赞扬。佛罗里达州州长罗恩·德桑蒂斯在竞选中攻击非洲裔竞选对手，将非洲裔与猴子相提并论，暗指其进化不够。联合国非洲人后裔问题专家工作组2019年8月2日发布的报告指出，美国政治人物使用了强调非洲人后裔负面定型观念的言辞。炮制非洲人后裔的种族刻板印象和负面形象是为了证明奴役非洲人的合理性，这持续对非洲人后裔造成伤害并侵犯其人权。
White supremacy is on the rise. In essence, the United States is still a country of white Anglo-Saxon Protestants. All other races, ethnic groups, and religious and cultural communities endure various levels of discrimination. Since 2016, white supremacy in the United States has shown a resurgence trend, leading to racial opposition and hatred. The Guardian website reported on Nov 12, 2019 that senior White House adviser Stephen Miller shaped the 2016 election coverage of the hard right-wing website Breitbart with material drawn from prominent white nationalists, Islamophobes, and far-right websites, according to a new investigative report by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). Miller also praised America's early 20th-century race-based, restrictionist immigration policies. While running for election, the governor of Florida, Ron DeSantis referred to old racist tropes linking people of African descent to monkeys and implying lesser evolutionary achievement. A report of the UN Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent issued on Aug 2, 2019 said that politicians from the United States have used language that has reinforced the negative stereotyping of people of African descent. The legacy of racial stereotypes and negative characterizations of people of African descent, which were created to justify the enslavement of Africans, and continue to harm people of African descent and violate their human rights.
《今日美国报》网站2019年6月27日报道，该学年更多的白人至上主义宣传出现在美国大学校园，种族主义的宣传材料连续三年增加。仅在春季学期，仇恨监视组织就在33个州和哥伦比亚特区的122个校园中记录了161起极端主义宣传事件。这些宣传或者攻击犹太人、非洲裔、穆斯林和非白人移民等少数群体，或者鼓吹白人至上主义内容。反诽谤联盟表示，大学校园外的白人至上主义宣传事件也在激增，2019年前5个月就发生了672起，而2018年全年才发生了868起。《赫芬顿邮报》网站2019年4月5日报道，联邦调查局局长克里斯托弗·雷在国会的听证会上说，白人至上主义正对美国安全形成持续、广泛的严重威胁。后来他还指出，自2018年10月以来，美国国内的恐怖活动大多与白人至上主义暴力有关。《纽约时报》网站2019年8月7日报道，从匹兹堡到克赖斯特彻奇，再到埃尔帕索，制造大规模枪击事件的白人都表达了对“白人种族灭绝”的偏执恐惧。埃尔帕索枪击案中杀害22人的白人男子帕特里克·克鲁修斯，在其长达4页的宣言中直接引用和表述了“白人将被有色人种取代”的观点。美利坚大学反种族主义研究和政策中心主任伊布拉姆·肯迪说：“美国一直处在白人至上恐怖主义的危机之中。”
USA Today reported on its website on June 27, 2019 that more white supremacist propaganda appeared on US college campuses that academic year, marking a three-year rise in racist materials. In the spring semester alone, a hate watchdog group recorded 161 cases of extremist propaganda on 122 campuses across 33 states and the District of Columbia. Some of the propaganda featured attacks on minority groups such as Jews, people of African descent, Muslims and non-white immigrants, while others with white supremacist content. According to the Anti-Defamation League, white supremacist propaganda posters and stickers outside of college campuses also spiked, with 672 instances in the first five months of 2019, compared to 868 incidents over the entire year in 2018. According to an online report of the Huffington Post on April 5, 2019, FBI Director Christopher Wray testified before Congress that white supremacy is a persistent and pervasive threat to US security. Later, he also told Congress that the majority of domestic terror related arrests since the previous October had been linked to white supremacist violence. The New York Times reported online on Aug 7, 2019 that from Pittsburgh to Christchurch, and now El Paso, white men accused of carrying out deadly mass shootings have cited the same paranoid fear: the extinction of the white race. The idea that “white people will be replaced by people of color,” was cited directly in the four-page screed written by the man arrested in the killing of 22 people in El Paso. “The United States has always been in the midst of a white nationalist terrorist crisis,” said Ibram Kendi, director of the Antiracist Research and Policy Center at American University.
执法领域的种族歧视司空见惯。联合国当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员指出，美国执法当局杀害和残暴虐待非洲裔的数量依然惊人，而且很少受到追究。非洲裔成年人被监禁的概率是白人成年人的5.9倍，这种大规模的监禁是奴隶制及种族隔离所产生的余孽。非洲裔更有可能被警察认定为是罪犯，并遭受残酷的对待。美国有线电视新闻网2019年3月1日报道，在一起骇人听闻的带有种族歧视性质的警察暴力执法中，6名警察对20岁的非洲裔说唱歌手威利·麦科伊的“头部、耳朵、颈部、胸部、手臂、肩膀、双手和背部”连开25枪，致其死亡。麦科伊的姐姐西蒙妮·理查德说，“警察处决了我的弟弟，他们甚至没有给他举起双手的机会。”英国《卫报》网站2019年8月19日报道，43岁的非洲裔美国男子唐纳德·尼利是一名患有精神疾病的无家可归者，因非法入侵被骑警逮捕。两名白人警察将其双手铐在背后，骑着马用绳子牵着他穿过得克萨斯州加尔维斯顿的街道，这一极具历史联想色彩的场景引发了全国范围内的广泛抗议。美国有线电视新闻网2019年12月17日报道，密西西比州地方检察官道格·埃文斯自1992年上任以来，采取各种手段不断罢免非洲裔陪审员。非洲裔陪审员被罢免的可能性是白人陪审员的4.4倍。在被告是非洲裔的案件中，非洲裔陪审员被罢免的概率尤为显著。
Racial discrimination is common in law enforcement. UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance pointed out that people of African descent in the United States are still killed and brutalized at alarming rates by law enforcement authorities and vigilantes, who have little to no accountability. African American adults are 5.9 times more likely to be incarcerated than white adults. Such racial disparities are a vestige of slavery and racial segregation. People of African descent are more likely to be seen as criminals by police officers and treated with cruel measures. CNN reported on March 1, 2019 that in an appalling act of police violence with racial discrimination six police officers shot Willie McCoy, a 20-year-old rapper, about 25 times in the head, ear, neck, chest, arms, shoulders, hands, and back. McCoy's sister, Simone Richard, said the police executed her brother and didn't give him a chance to put his hands up. According to a report on the website of the Guardian on Aug 19, 2019, Donald Neely, 43, is a homeless and mentally ill African American. He was arrested by two rangers on a charge of criminal trespassing. The officers attached Neely to a rope, his hands handcuffed behind his back, while they rode on horseback leading Neely through the streets of Galveston, Texas. This scene with great historical association triggered widespread outcry across the country. CNN reported on Dec 17, 2019 that Mississippi prosecutor Doug Evans excluded many African American jurors from trials since he took office in 1992. African American jurors were 4.4 times more likely to be struck down than white jurors. And in cases where the defendant was an African American, Evans' strike rate against jurors of African descent was "even more pronounced."
职场与民生领域种族不平等未见改善。美国进步中心网站2019年8月7日和12月5日报道指出，与白人相比，非洲裔等少数族裔在就业中面临系统性障碍，导致更高的失业率、更少的就业机会、更低的工资、更少的福利和更大的就业不稳定性。奴隶制和种族隔离制度把有色人种工人集中在低薪职业上。职业隔离和有色人种工人持续贬值是政府有意制定政策的直接结果。虽然非洲裔、亚裔、拉美裔只占美国劳动力总数的36%，但58%的农业工人、70%的女佣和清洁工以及74%的行李搬运工、行李员和门房等工作却由他们承担。这些工作职位的工资中位数远低于美国各行业平均工资的中位数。
Racial inequality in the workplace and people's livelihood have not improved. The Center for American Progress reported on Aug 7 and Dec 5, 2019 on its website that compared with their white counterparts, African American workers face systematic obstacles to getting jobs. They face higher unemployment rates, fewer job opportunities, lower pay, poorer benefits and greater job instability. Slavery and racial segregation concentrated workers of color in undervalued occupations. Occupational segregation and the persistent devaluation of workers of color are a direct result of intentional government policy. While African American, Asian, and Hispanic or Latino people comprise 36 percent of the overall US workforce, they constitute 58 percent of miscellaneous agricultural workers; 70 percent of maids and housekeeping cleaners; and 74 percent of baggage porters, bellhops and concierges. The median wages for these jobs are far below the median wages for all industries in the United States.
就业歧视的存在使得经济福利方面的不平等持续固化，对于非洲裔而言尤为明显。在过去的40年里，非洲裔工人的失业率一直是白人的两倍。近10年来美国劳动力市场的扩张，并没有消除劳动力市场中系统性的种族差异。在2018年全年全职工作的人群中，白人男性每挣1美元，非洲裔男性挣70.2美分，白人女性挣78.6美分，非洲裔女性挣61.9美分。《洛杉矶时报》网站2019年7月2日报道，美联储发布的数据显示，财富的种族差距持续加剧，白人家庭的平均财富几乎是非洲裔家庭的10倍。《今日美国报》网站2019年11月8日报道，在威斯康星州密尔沃基－沃基肖－西艾利斯地区，非洲裔的失业率为13.9%，而白人只有3.9%；非洲裔的收入中位数仅为白人的43.8%；非洲裔的住房拥有率仅为27.8%，而白人为68.2%。
Employment discrimination perpetuates inequality in economic well-being, especially for people of African descent. Over the past 40 years, workers of African descent have consistently endured an unemployment rate approximately twice that of their white counterparts. The labor market expansion in the past 10 years in the United States has not eliminated the systematic racial differences. Among those who worked full time all year in 2018, African American men earned 70.2 cents for every dollar earned by white men, and white women earned 78.6 cents. African American women earned 61.9 cents for every dollar that white men earned. Citing figures from the Federal Reserve, Los Angeles Times reported on July 2, 2019 that racial disparities in wealth have worsened, as the typical wealth for a white household is nearly 10 times that for African Americans. According to a report on the website of USA Today on Nov 8, 2019, in Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis area of Wisconsin, the unemployment rate for African Americans is 13.9 percent, while that for the white people is only 3.9 percent. The median income for the households of African descent is just 43.8 percent of the figure for the white households. Just 27.8 percent of African American heads of household own their homes, less than half the 68.2-percent white homeownership rate.
工作场所和日常生活中的种族歧视随处可见。美国有线电视新闻网2019年1月18日报道，俄亥俄州民权委员会调查后确认，通用汽车公司纵容种族歧视的工作环境。非洲裔员工遭受种族主义言论攻击或威胁，“黑鬼”的称呼随处可闻，非洲裔雇员被称为“猴子”，并被警告“滚回非洲去”，白人员工在工作服里面穿着带有纳粹标志的衬衫，有工作场所的厕所被宣称“仅供白人使用”。一名非洲裔管理人员被白人雇员威胁称：“放在过去，我早就把你给活埋了！”当有色人种雇员向高层管理人员报告遭受种族歧视时，却被告知自行处理。《今日美国报》网站2019年11月8日报道，非洲裔员工抱怨脸书公司的种族主义和种族歧视日益严重。12名现任和前任非洲裔员工列出了一长串种族主义的“微侵犯”清单，例如两名白人雇员吃完早餐后要求非洲裔项目经理清理食物残渣，有色人种员工处于一种不友好、不正常的工作环境之中。非洲裔员工表示，“种族主义、歧视、偏见和侵犯并非总是源自重大时刻，恰恰是这些微小的事件日积月累，逐渐形成了一种文化。在这种文化中，我们只是被视为配额存在，从未被倾听、被认可、被接受。”美国有线电视新闻网2019年8月28日报道，俄克拉荷马州的一位电视节目主持人亚莉克斯·豪斯顿将她的非洲裔搭档比作大猩猩，引发种族主义抨击。
Racism is pervasive in the workplace and in everyday life. According to a CNN report on Jan 18, 2019, after an investigation, the Ohio Civil Rights Commission confirmed that General Motors did allow a racially hostile environment. The African American employees endured racist comments or threats. The N-word was regular at the workplace where African American employees were called "monkey," or told to "go back to Africa." White workers wore shirts with Nazi symbols underneath their coveralls. Bathrooms in the workplace were declared for "whites only." A white employee threatened his African American supervisor: "Back in the day, you would have been buried with a shovel." When African American employees reported the racial discrimination to upper management, they were told to deal with it themselves. USA Today reported on its website on Nov 8, 2019 that African American employees complained of growing racism and discrimination inside the Facebook company. Twelve current and former African American employees offered up a long list of micro aggressions, including two white employees asking an African American program manager to clean up after they finished eating breakfast. People of color were treated as unfriendly and abnormal there. “Racism, discrimination, bias, and aggression do not come from the big moments. It’s in the small actions that mount up over time and build into a culture where we are only meant to be seen as quotas, but never heard, never acknowledged, never recognized, and never accepted,” said some African American employees. CNN reported on its website on Aug 28, 2019 that TV anchor Alex Housden in Oklahoma likened her African American cohost to a gorilla, drawing criticism of racism attacks.
美国进步中心网站2019年8月7日报道指出，有色人种继续忍受着住房市场上猖獗的歧视：17%的印第安人、25%的亚裔、31%的拉美裔、45%的非洲裔在租房或买房时受到歧视。相比之下，只有5%的美国白人表示在住房方面受到歧视。种族偏见不仅会影响住房的获得，还会影响财产价值。一项研究发现，由于种族偏见，非洲裔社区的房屋平均被低估了4.8万美元，累计损失高达1560亿美元。几个世纪以来，美国住房系统中的结构性种族主义导致了财富和财务状况方面严重而持久的种族差异，尤其是非洲裔和白人家庭之间的差异。这些差异是如此根深蒂固，如果目前的趋势继续下去，非洲裔家庭积累的财富可能需要200多年才能达到白人家庭现在的水平。
According to a report on the website of the Center for American Progress on Aug 7, 2019, people of color continue to endure rampant discrimination in the housing market: 17 percent of Native Americans, 25 percent of Asian Americans, 31 percent of Latinos, and 45 percent of African Americans report experiencing discrimination when trying to rent or buy housing. By contrast, just 5 percent of white Americans report experiencing housing discrimination. Racial bias not only undermines access to housing but can also affect property values. One study found that homes in African American neighborhoods were undervalued by an average of $48,000 due to racial bias, resulting in $156 billion in cumulative losses nationwide. For centuries, structural racism in the US housing system has contributed to stark and persistent racial disparities in wealth and financial well-being, especially between African American and white households. These differences are so entrenched that if current trends continue, it could take more than 200 years for the average family of African descent to accumulate the same amount of wealth as its white counterparts.
非白人儿童遭受严重教育歧视。美国有线电视新闻网2019年2月27日报道，非白人为主的学区公立学校每年获得的资金比白人为主的学区少230亿美元。2016年，白人为主的学区生均经费为13908美元，而在主要为有色人种服务的学区，生均经费只有11682美元。与此同时，白人为主的学区平均学生人数只有1500人，而非白人为主的学区平均学生人数超过10000人，相差6倍之巨。根据美国教育部的数据，非洲裔学生被停学或开除的可能性是白人学生的三倍。最能表明种族偏见的是，在84个南部学区中，被停学的学生100%是非洲裔。甚至在幼儿园里，非洲裔儿童也比其他种族的儿童更容易被停学。非洲裔儿童仅占学龄前儿童的18%，却占被幼儿园停学儿童的近一半。《心理科学》杂志发表的一项研究表明，白人从5岁开始就将非洲裔男孩与“暴力”“危险”“敌意”和“攻击性”等联系在一起。非洲裔儿童面临的种族偏见和高停学率可能导致他们学业落后或辍学，并增加了他们刑事犯罪的可能性，学校惩罚是非洲裔男孩自杀率上升的原因之一。
Non-white children suffer from serious discrimination in education. CNN reported on Feb 27, 2019 that predominantly white school districts in the United States get $23 billion a year more than districts that educate mostly non-white children. The average white school district got $13,908 for every student in 2016, compared to 11,682 dollars per student in districts that mostly serve people of color. In the meantime, white districts enroll just over 1,500 students, while non-white districts serve over 10,000 students, about six times of the former. African American students are three times more likely to be suspended or expelled than their white peers, according to the US Department of Education. The finding most indicative of racial bias is that in 84 Southern school districts, 100 percent of students suspended were of African descent. Even African American preschool students are more likely to be suspended than students of other races. In fact, a study published in Psychological Science suggests that whites begin to perceive African American boys as threatening at just 5 years old, associating them with adjectives such as “violent,” “dangerous,” “hostile” and “aggressive.” The negative racial biases African American children face, and the correlated high suspension rates can result in African American children falling behind academically, and eventually dropping out of school. It also increases the chances that they will have contact with the criminal justice system. And punitive discipline may be one of the reasons suicides among African American boys are rising.
仇恨犯罪攀至高位。联邦调查局2019年11月12日发布的报告显示，在2018年执法部门报告的7036起单一偏见引发的仇恨犯罪案件中，57.5%涉及种族族裔身份；而在涉及种族族裔身份的仇恨犯罪案件中，高达46.9%的针对非洲裔。在种族仇恨犯罪案件的5155名受害者中，非洲裔高达47.1%。英国《卫报》网站2019年8月4日报道，8月3日得克萨斯州边境城市埃尔帕索市一家沃尔玛超市发生大规模枪击案。21岁的白人男子帕特里克·克鲁修斯专程驱车从650多英里之外赶到埃尔帕索市，对超市购物人群进行无差别射击，共屠杀22人，就因为这座城市的主要居民是拉美裔。美国有线电视新闻网2019年12月20日报道，爱荷华州的一名14岁女孩正走在去往印第安山初中的人行道上，突然遭到一名42岁女子开车碾压。肇事者声称这么做的原因是受害女孩“是墨西哥人”。《纽约邮报》网站2019年11月7日报道，42岁的拉美裔男子马哈茂德·维拉拉斯与白人男子布莱克威尔发生争吵。白人男子质问他“你为什么入侵我的国家？”并从包中取出一瓶酸性液体泼向维拉拉斯脸上。
Hate crime climbs to high level. A report released on Nov 12, 2019 by the FBI showed that law enforcement agencies submitted incident reports in 2018 involving 7,036 single-bias incidents, 57.5 percent of which stemmed from a race/ethnicity/ancestry bias. A total of 46.9 percent of single-bias hate crime offenses were motivated by anti-Black or African American bias, while among 5,155 victims of race/ethnicity/ancestry motivated hate crime, 47.1 percent were victims of crimes motivated by offenders’ anti-Black or African American bias. The Guardian on Aug 4, 2019 on its website reported a mass shooting happening on Aug 3 at a Walmart superstore in the Texas border city El Paso. The shooter is 21-year-old Patrick Crusius, who drove 650 miles to the border city and rampaged into the superstore, opening fire and killing 22. He said this attack was a response to the Hispanic invasion of Texas. According to a CNN report on Dec 20, 2019, a 14-year-old girl was walking to Indian Hills Junior High when a vehicle drove onto the sidewalk and ran over her. The attempted murder was committed by a 42-year-old Iowa woman who said she did so because the teenager "was a Mexican." The New York Post reported on Nov 7, 2019 on its website that Mahud Villalaz, a 42-year-old Latin American, was attacked by Clifton A. Blackwell, a white man who asked Villalaz, "why did you invade my county?" and threw acid in Villalaz’s face.
针对犹太教与伊斯兰教的不宽容持续恶化。联邦调查局年度报告显示，2018年单一偏见仇恨犯罪案件中，20.2%涉及宗教仇恨犯罪。在宗教仇恨犯罪案件的1617名受害者中，犹太人占59.6%，穆斯林占14.6%。皮尤研究中心2019年3月的一项调查显示，绝大多数美国受访者认为美国存在宗教歧视，尤其是针对穆斯林的歧视。82%的受访者认为，穆斯林在美国至少面临一些歧视；56%的受访者认为，穆斯林受到很多歧视。63%的受访者表示，穆斯林身份在一定程度上有损其在美国社会发展的机会；31%的受访者认为，穆斯林身份严重损害其在美国社会发展的机会。64%的受访者认为犹太人在美国面临某种程度的歧视，比2016年高出20个百分点。联合国宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员的报告指出，美国存在异常暴力化的反犹太主义。个别犹太教堂发生大规模枪击事件，造成人员伤亡。反犹太分子在社交媒体散布植根于极右翼白人至上主义意识形态的反犹太主义阴谋论。受白人至上主义意识形态驱使的枪手攻击犹太教堂会众。联合国当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员对美国反犹太主义的惊人蔓延表示严重关切。她指出，与新纳粹团体及其附属的白人至上主义和白人民族主义团体有关的反犹太主义事件急剧增加。2018年，受极端主义意识形态鼓动的知名极端主义群体或个人制造了249起反犹太主义事件，这是自2004年以来的最高水平，是20世纪70年代有追踪数据以来的第三高。
Intolerance against Judaism and Islam continues to worsen. The FBI annual report found that 20.2 percent of the single-bias hate crimes were prompted by the offenders’ religious bias. Of the 1,617 victims of anti-religious hate crimes, 56.9 percent were victims of crimes motivated by offenders’ anti-Jewish bias and 14.6 percent were victims of anti-Islamic (Muslim) bias. Americans say some religious groups continue to be discriminated against and disadvantaged, according to an analysis of Pew Research Center surveys in March 2019. About 82 percent of respondents say Muslims are subject to at least some discrimination in the United States, and 56 percent say Muslims are discriminated against a lot. A total of 63 percent of respondents say that being Muslim hurts someone’s chances for advancement in American society at least a little, including 31 percent who say it hurts their chances a lot. In the 2019 survey, 64 percent say Jews face at least some discrimination in the United States, up 20 percentage points from the last time this question was asked in 2016. The UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief noted the exceptionally violent anti-Semitic incidents in the United States, including a deadly shooting in a synagogue which had caused great loss of lives and injuries. The shooter’s comments during the attack and his social media activity on the days preceding it revealed a belief in a host of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories rooted in a far-right, white supremacist ideology. Later, another gunman similarly motivated by white supremacist ideology attacked a separate synagogue. The UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance also expressed grave concern at the alarming rise of anti-Semitism in the United States. She noted with concern alarming increases in anti-Semitic incidents tied to neo-Nazi groups and affiliated white supremacist and white nationalist groups. Known extremist groups or individuals inspired by extremist ideology were responsible for 249 anti-Semitic incidents in 2018, the highest level of anti-Semitic incidents with known connections to extremists or extremist groups since 2004 and the third-highest year on record since the organization started tracking the data in the 1970s.
土著人权利遭受侵犯。联合国适当生活水准权问题特别报告员在报告中指出，美国印第安人等土著居民与具有同样资格的白人竞争租房时，受到不利对待的可能性高达28%，还可能因受到歧视而被拒绝延长租赁合同。美国全国公共广播电台网站2019年11月18日报道，一份名为“缩小美国用水差距”的报告显示，土著居民在用水方面比其他任何群体遭遇更多的困难。每1000户土著居民家庭中就有58户缺乏自来水管道系统，相比之下，每1000户白人家庭中只有3户没有自来水管道系统。这种差距使得土著居民面临更多公共卫生问题，从而导致更高的失业率、贫困率、死亡率。针对土著人的凶杀案和失踪案的发生率远高于平均值。以蒙大拿州为例，原住民成为凶杀案受害者的可能性几乎是普通居民的四倍。在该州，土著居民仅占总人口的6.7%，却占失踪人口的26%。在夏威夷，土著居民占总人口的10%，却占无家可归人口的39%，生活费用的增加和旅游业的发展迫使他们离开家园。2019年5月10日，联合国消除种族歧视委员会致函美国政府，对计划在夏威夷州莫纳基亚建造一座30米长的望远镜可能影响土著居民对其祖传土地的权利表示关切。该项目缺乏协商，侵犯了土著居民的自由、事先和知情同意权。该委员会还就位于夏威夷州毛伊中部的卡那卡毛利土著居民的墓地普乌恩沙丘群遭亵渎一事表示关切。多年来，该墓地所在地区被用于采掘活动，无数坟墓被迁走，却从未征得当地土著居民同意。
The rights of indigenous people have been violated. The UN Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living and on the right to non-discrimination in this context said in a report that Native Americans were subjected to adverse treatment 28 per cent of the time when they tried to rent a home in competition with a similarly qualified, non-indigenous white individual. Native Americans may also be refused to extend rental contracts on the basis of discrimination. A report released on Nov 18, 2019 by the National Public Radio, called "Closing the Water Access Gap in the United States," shows that native Americans are more likely to have trouble accessing water than any other group. Fifty-eight out of every 1,000 Native American households lack plumbing, compared with 3 out of every 1,000 white households, according to the report. This disparity has implications for public health. Native Americans experience more deaths, poverty and higher unemployment rates. The incidence of murders and disappearances against indigenous people is well above average. Native Americans are nearly four times more likely to be victims of homicide than the general population in Montana,, where Native Americans are just 6.7 percent of the total population, but make up 26 percent of missing persons cases. In Hawaii, indigenous Hawaiians and other Pacific islanders accounted for only 10 percent of the overall population, but for 39 percent of the people experiencing homelessness. These numbers continue to grow as the cost of living increases and tourism development forces them to leave their homelands. On May 10, 2019, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination sent a letter to the government of the United States raising its concern that the planned construction of a 30-meter telescope on Mauna Kea in the State of Hawaii might affect the rights of indigenous peoples over their ancestral lands. It also expressed concern about allegations of a lack of adequate consultation and failure to seek the free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples. The Committee also expressed concerns regarding the desecration of the Pu’uone sand dunes complex, a burial site of the Kanaka Maoli indigenous people in Central Maui in the State of Hawaii, which had reportedly been used for extractive activities over a period of years without the free, prior and informed consent of Kanaka Maoli and resulted in the removal of innumerable graves in the area.
皮尤研究中心发布的《2019年美国种族》报告指出，在美国废除奴隶制150多年后，奴隶制的遗毒仍然深刻影响着非洲裔的社会地位。美国种族歧视系统地反映在贫困率、住房、教育、刑事犯罪率、司法和卫生保健等方方面面。超过40%的美国人认为“美国在种族平等方面没有取得足够的进展”，约58%的人认为“美国的种族关系十分糟糕”，约65%的人表示“近年来美国社会的种族主义言论变得越来越普遍”。76%的非洲裔和亚裔以及58%的拉美裔受访者表示，他们曾因种族或族群身份而遭受歧视或受到不公平对待。53%的受访者表示种族关系正在恶化。73%的非洲裔、69%的拉美裔、65%的亚裔、49%的白人受访者表示，美国现任政府使种族关系恶化。59%的受访者认为，白人身份有助于在美国取得成功。约三分之二的受访者认为，非洲裔在与执法司法部门打交道时受到歧视。超过半数非洲裔受访者认为，“美国不可能实现种族平等”。 According to a Pew Research Center survey titled Race in America 2019, more than 150 years after the 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States, most US adults say the legacy of slavery continues to have an impact on the position of people of African descent in American society today. More than four-in-ten say the country hasn’t made enough progress toward racial equality. About 58 percent say race relations in the United States are bad, and about 65 percent say it’s become more common for people to express racist views in recent years. About 76 percent of African descendants and Asians and 58 percent of Hispanics say they have experienced discrimination or have been treated unfairly because of their race or ethnicity at least from time to time. A total of 53 percent of the surveyed says race relations are getting worse. Most African descendants (73 percent), Hispanics (69 percent) and Asians (65 percent) say the current administration has made race relations worse, compared with about half of whites (49 percent). About 59 percent say that being white helps people’s ability to get ahead in the country at least a little. About two thirds of the respondents say people of African descent are treated unfairly by the criminal justice system and in dealing with police. More than half of African American adults say it’s not too or not at all likely that the country will eventually achieve racial equality.
