七、全面参与全球人权治理
VII. Full Participation in Global Governance of Human Rights
中国在大力推进自身人权事业发展的同时，始终坚持平等互信、包容互鉴、合作共赢、共同发展的理念，积极参与联合国人权事务，认真履行国际人权义务，广泛开展国际人权合作，积极为全球人权治理提供中国智慧、中国方案，以实际行动推进全球人权治理朝着更加公正合理包容的方向发展。
While promoting the development of its own human rights, China upholds the principles of equality and mutual trust, inclusiveness and mutual learning, cooperation and mutual benefits, and common development. It has been active in UN human rights undertakings, fulfills its international human rights obligations, conducts extensive international cooperation on human rights, actively offers Chinese wisdom and solutions for global governance of human rights, and advances through concrete actions the global governance of human rights in a fairer, more rational and inclusive direction.
积极参与国际人权事业。中国在1971年恢复联合国合法席位后，派团参与联合国大会和联合国经社理事会的历届会议，并积极参加有关人权议题的审议。自1979年起，中国连续3年作为观察员出席联合国人权委员会会议。1981年，中国在联合国经社理事会组织会议上当选为人权委员会成员国。自1982年起，中国正式担任人权委员会成员国并一直连选连任。2006年人权理事会成立以来，中国已四度当选理事会成员。中国推荐的多名专家担任联合国经社文权利委员会、禁止酷刑委员会、消除种族歧视委员会、消除对妇女歧视委员会、残疾人权利委员会等多个多边人权机构或专门委员会的委员。
Engaging in international human rights undertakings. Since resuming its legitimate seat in the UN in 1971, China has sent delegations to every UN General Assembly and UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) conference, and actively joined in the reviews of issues concerning human rights. From 1979 to 1981 China attended the annual meetings of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) as an observer state. In 1981 China was elected a UNCHR member state at the ECOSOC's Management Segment. In 1982, China became an official member state of the UNCHR and has maintained this position ever since. Since the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) was established in 2006, China has been elected as a member state four times. A number of experts recommended by China have served on multilateral human rights organizations or special commissions such as the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the United Nations Committee against Torture, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, and the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
中国同联合国人权事务高级专员及其办公室保持建设性接触，先后8次接待人权高专访华，多次邀请高专办官员来华交流访问。近年来，中国与人权高专办两次签署技术合作《谅解备忘录》，内容涵盖司法改革、警察与人权、人权教育、执行人权条约等领域，并与人权高专办多次共同举办国际人权会议。自1994年至今，中国先后邀请宗教信仰自由特别报告员、任意拘留问题工作组、教育权特别报告员、酷刑问题特别报告员、粮食权特别报告员、消除对妇女歧视问题工作组、外债对人权影响问题独立专家、极端贫困与人权问题特别报告员等8个特别机制10次访华。中国认真对待人权理事会特别机制来函，在认真调查的基础上及时予以答复。
China maintains constructive contacts with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Office (OHCHR), receiving eight visits by high commissioners to China, and inviting many of the OHCHR officials to visit China. In recent years, China has signed two memorandums of understanding on technological cooperation concerning judicial reform, police and human rights, human rights education, and implementation of human rights treaties, and held together with the OHCHR many international conferences on human rights. Since 1994, China has invited ten visits by eight UN representatives and groups: the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, the United Nations Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, the United Nations Independent Expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of states on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights, and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. China handles letters from the Special Procedures of the UNHRC with due attention, carrying out any necessary investigations and giving timely replies.
切实遵守国际人权义务。中国先后批准或加入了26项国际人权文书，其中包括《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》等6项联合国核心人权条约。中国严格遵守条约规定，认真履行条约义务，注重将国内的立法、修法和政策制定等与条约规定相衔接，及时提交履约报告，全面反映中国在履约过程中取得的成就及遇到的问题。中国认真参加各条约机构对中国履约情况的审议，截至2019年3月，中国已向各条约机构提交履约报告27次，总计43期，接受审议26次。中国注重与相关人权条约机构开展建设性对话，结合国情积极采纳建议。自2009年以来，中国三次接受联合国人权理事会普遍定期审议并顺利通过核可，中国对各国所提建议均给予认真、负责任的反馈。绝大多数国家肯定中国人权发展成就和中国对世界人权事业所作的贡献。
Fulfilling obligations in the international instruments on human rights. China has signed 26 international human rights instruments, including six major ones such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. China abides by the provisions of these international conventions, fulfills all the obligations they prescribe, ensures that its policy formulation, legislation, and any amendments are consistent with these conventions, and submits periodic reports to give feedback on the progress made and any difficulties and problems encountered in implementing these international conventions. China attends all reviews from the treaty bodies on its implementation work. By March 2019, China had submitted 43 implementation reports on 27 occasions to these treaty bodies and received 26 reviews. China has conducted constructive dialogue with the relevant treaty bodies and adopted their suggestions in accordance with the actual conditions in China. China has also received three UNHRC Universal Periodic Review cycles since 2009, and the reports were adopted. China gives due attention and responsible feedback to all suggestions from other countries. Most countries have affirmed China's achievements in this regard and its contribution to international human rights.
着力推动国际人权规则和机制发展。中国参加了《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》《儿童权利公约》《残疾人权利公约》《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》，以及《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》任择议定书等重要人权文件的制定工作组会议，为这些规则的起草、修改和完善作出重要贡献。中国作为主要推动者之一，参与了《发展权利宣言》的起草工作，积极推动联合国人权委员会和人权理事会就实现发展权问题进行全球磋商，致力于推动构建发展权实施机制。中国积极参与劳工保护、人道主义等领域国际规则制定。中国是《联合国气候变化框架公约》首批缔约方之一，全程参与并有效推动气候变化多边进程，为推动达成《巴黎协定》作出积极贡献。
Promoting international rules and mechanisms for protecting human rights. China has attended the meetings of the drafting groups of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, along with other important documents on human rights protection, making a significant contribution to drafting, revising and improving these rules. As one of the major promoters, China participated in drafting the Declaration on the Right to Development, assisting the UNCHR and the UNHRC to organize global discussions on fulfilling the right to development, and is committed to building mechanisms for actualizing the right to development. China actively participates in the formulation of international rules on labor protection and humanitarianism. China was one of the first signatories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It actively participated in and effectively promoted the whole multilateral process of climate change issues, and made a positive contribution to the adoption of the Paris Agreement.
中国积极推动联合国人权机构改革，在设立联合国人权理事会，使国际人权机制变得更加公正客观透明等方面发挥了重要作用。中国联合发展中国家一道，推动人权理事会以公正客观、非选择性、普遍性等方式审议人权问题。中国支持联合国人权理事会设立安全饮用水、文化权、残疾人权利等专题性特别机制；倡导召开关于粮食安全、国际金融机制等的特别会议，积极推动完善国际人权机制。中国支持对人权条约机构进行必要改革，促进条约机构与缔约国在相互尊重的基础上开展对话与合作。
China promotes the reform of UN human rights bodies, and played an important role in establishing the UNHRC and making the international human rights mechanism fairer, more objective and transparent. Together with other developing countries, it assists the UNHRC to review human rights issues in a fair, objective, nonselective and general manner. China supports the UNHRC in establishing specialized mechanisms for securing safe drinking water, cultural rights, and the rights of persons with disabilities, in calling for special conferences on food security and the global financial crisis, and in improving the international mechanisms for protecting human rights. China supports the necessary reform of the human rights treaty bodies, promoting dialogue and cooperation between the treaty bodies and signatory states on the basis of mutual respect.
倡导开展国际人权交流合作。中国高度重视开展人权领域对外交流交往与合作，致力于在相互尊重、开放包容、交流互鉴基础上开展建设性人权对话和人权磋商。自20世纪90年代起，中国陆续与20多个国家建立人权对话或磋商机制，同美国、欧盟、英国、德国、瑞士、荷兰、澳大利亚、新西兰等西方国家或国际组织进行人权对话，同俄罗斯、埃及、南非、巴西、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、白俄罗斯、古巴、非盟等开展人权磋商。自1996年以来，与澳大利亚、瑞士长期开展人权技术合作。中国人权研究会等人权领域非政府组织组团赴亚洲、北美、南美、欧洲、大洋洲、非洲的数十个国家交流访问，并邀请多国人权领域的政府官员和专家学者访华，增进了理解与互信。近年来，中国多次举办国际人权研讨会，“亚欧非正式人权研讨会”“北京人权论坛”“纪念《发展权利宣言》通过30周年国际研讨会”“南南人权论坛”“中欧人权研讨会”“国际人权文博会”“中美司法与人权研讨会”“中德人权研讨会”，拓展了国际人权交流合作的朋友圈，增进了在人权问题上与各国的相互了解。
Advocating and conducting international exchanges and cooperation concerning human rights. China prioritizes communication, exchanges, and cooperation with other countries in the field of human rights, and is committed to conducting constructive dialogue and consultations on human rights on the basis of mutual respect, openness, inclusiveness, communication and mutual learning. Since the 1990s, China has established dialogue and consultation mechanisms for human rights protection with more than 20 other countries. China has organized dialogues on human rights with international organizations and Western countries, including the US, the EU, the UK, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Australia, and New Zealand, and held consultations on human rights with Russia, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, Malaysia, Pakistan, Belarus, Cuba, and the African Union. Since 1996, China has conducted technical cooperation on human rights with Australia and Switzerland. The China Society for Human Rights Studies (CSHRS) and other human rights NGOs in China have organized teams to visit dozens of countries in Asia, North America, South America, Europe, Oceania and Africa, and invited government officials, experts and academics on human rights from various countries to visit China, which has increased mutual understanding and trust. In recent years, China has hosted several international seminars on human rights, including the Informal Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) Seminar on Human Rights, the Beijing Forum on Human Rights, the International Seminar on the 30th Anniversary of the Adoption of the UN Declaration on the Right to Development, the South-South Human Rights Forum, the China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights, the International Seminar on Human Rights and Museology, the Sino-American Dialogue on the Rule of Law and Human Rights, and the China-Germany Seminar on Human Rights, which increased China's circle of friends in exchange and cooperation on human rights, and enlarged mutual understanding with other countries in this regard.
积极引导国际人权治理变革。中国不仅注重自身人权事业的提升，也始终重视引导全球人权治理体系变革。1954年，中国与印度、缅甸提出互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处五项原则，体现了对国家独立的认可，尊重了相关国家和人民的自主权。1955年，在中国推动下，万隆会议通过的《亚非会议最后公报》将“尊重基本人权”写入和平共处十项原则的第一条。万隆会议通过的十项原则是对和平共处五项原则的引申和发展。20世纪60年代兴起的不结盟运动把五项原则作为指导原则。1970年和1974年联合国大会通过的有关宣言接受了和平共处五项原则。60多年来，和平共处五项原则逐渐走出亚洲走向世界，为推动建立更加公正合理的国际政治经济秩序、建立新型国际关系作出了历史性贡献，也为国际人权治理提供了重要遵循。
Actively leading the reform of international human rights governance. In addition to making progress in its own human rights protection, China also attaches importance to leading the reform of the international human rights governance system. In 1954, together with India and Burma, China proposed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and cooperation for mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence, which embodies the acknowledgement and appreciation of national independence, and respect for the decision-making power of independent countries and their peoples. In 1955, encouraged by China, the final Communiqué of the Bandung Conference incorporated "respect for fundamental human rights" as the first point into the 10-point declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation. The 10-point declaration passed at the Bandung Conference is a derivation and development of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. The Non-Aligned Movement that rose in the 1960s set the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as its guideline. The declarations adopted at the 1970 and 1974 UN general assemblies accepted the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Over the six decades that have since passed, the influence of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence has expanded from Asia to the whole world. It has made a historic contribution to building a fairer and more reasonable international political and economic order and establishing a new type of international relations, and serves as a guide for the international governance of human rights.
多年来，中国不断总结提炼自身人权保障实践经验，向国际人权事业贡献中国智慧和方案。1993年，中国推动亚洲国家通过《曼谷宣言》。中国作为第二届世界人权大会的副主席国，参加《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》的起草工作。中国提出的“发展对享有所有人权的贡献”的决议在联合国人权理事会通过，首次将“发展促进人权”引入国际人权体系。近年来，中国提出的推动共同构建人类命运共同体理念在国际社会引起热烈反响，多次被写入联合国人权理事会、联合国安理会等机构的决议，为推动国际人权治理向着更加公正合理包容的方向发展发挥了重要作用。
Over the years, China has kept summing up its own experience in human rights protection, and provided the international community with Chinese wisdom and solutions. In 1993, China pushed for the adoption of the Bangkok Declaration among Asian countries. Holding the vice presidency of the Second World Conference on Human Rights, China participated in drafting the Vienna Declaration and Program of Action. The UNHRC passed the resolution "The Contribution of Development to the Enjoyment of All Human Rights" submitted by China, which introduced the concept of "promoting human rights through development" into international human rights for the first time. The idea of building a global community of shared future proposed by China has elicited a positive international response. The concept has been written into many resolutions of the UNHRC, the United Nations Security Council, and some other UN organizations. It plays an important role in advancing the international governance of human rights in a fairer, more reasonable and inclusive direction.
