二、以人民为中心的人权理念
II. People-centered Approach in Human Rights Protection
经过新中国70年的人权发展实践，中国把人权的普遍性原则与本国具体实际相结合，已经形成了较为系统的以人民为中心的人权理念，其基本点包括：
In developing human rights over the past 70 years, China has combined universal principles with the prevailing realities of the country, forming a system of human rights with a people-centered approach. The basic elements are:
——人权是历史的、发展的。人权是一定历史条件下的产物，也会随着历史条件的发展而发展。各国发展阶段、经济发展水平、文化传统、社会结构不同，所面临的人权发展任务和应采取的人权保障方式也会有所不同。应当尊重人权发展道路的多样性。只有将人权的普遍性原则同各国实际相结合，才能有效地促进人权的实现。世界各国在人权保障上没有最好，只有更好；世界上没有放之四海而皆准的人权发展道路和保障模式，人权事业发展必须也只能按照本国国情和人民需要加以推进。
Human rights are a historical and developmental concept. Born under certain historical circumstances, the concept evolves as times change. Different nations have different tasks and take different approaches to ensure human rights, because they differ in terms of stage of development, economy, culture and society. Diversity in developing human rights should be respected. They can only be effectively ensured by combining universal principles with the prevailing realities of different countries. Every country has room for improvement in protecting human rights. There is no universally applicable model, and human rights can only advance in the context of national conditions and people's needs.
——生存权、发展权是首要的基本人权。贫穷是实现人权的最大障碍。没有物质资料的生产和供给，人类其他一切权利的实现都是非常困难或不可能的。生存权利的有效保障、生活质量的不断提高，是享有和发展其他人权的前提和基础。近代中国长期遭受外来侵略，国家贫穷落后，人民困苦不堪，毫无权利可言。中国人民深知免于贫困、免于饥饿为生存之本。多年来，中国始终把解决人民的生存权、实现人民的发展权作为第一要务，不断解放和发展生产力，致力于消除贫困，提高发展水平，为保障人民各项权利的实现创造了基础条件。
The rights to subsistence and development are the primary rights. Poverty is the greatest obstacle to providing human rights. It would be well-nigh impossible for humanity to ensure any right without the production and supply of goods and materials. The effective guarantee of the right to subsistence and the steady improvement of living standards are the preconditions and foundations for fulfilling and developing all other human rights. From the mid-19th century, China suffered repeated foreign aggressions and fell into poverty and backwardness. Living in misery, the people enjoyed utterly no right of any kind. The Chinese know very well what survival requires – no poverty and no hunger. Prioritizing people's rights to subsistence and development, China has committed to liberating and developing productive forces, eliminating poverty, and enhancing its level of development. All this has laid the foundation for fulfilling the various rights of the people.
——人权是个人人权与集体人权的有机统一。没有个人的发展，就没有集体的发展；同时，也只有在集体中，个人才能获得全面发展。在当代中国的人权实践中，既重视集体人权的发展，又重视个人人权的保障，努力使二者相互统一、相互协调、相互促进。个人权利只有与集体权利统一起来，才能实现人权的最大化。中国在国家富强、民族振兴和人民幸福融为一体的发展中，努力保障每一个人和全体人民的各项权利。
Human rights mean the integration of individual and collective rights. There is no collective development without individual development; individuals can only enjoy well-rounded development in a collective environment. In China, equal attention has been paid to developing collective rights and ensuring individual rights, so that the two are integrated, coordinated, and mutually-enhancing. Individual rights can only be maximized in the context of collective rights. The Chinese government strives to ensure the rights of every individual and all its citizens by seeking prosperity for the country, rejuvenation for the nation, and wellbeing for the people.
——整体推进各项权利是人权实现的重要原则。各项人权相互依赖、不可分割。中国坚持对各项权利的发展进行统筹协调、统一部署、均衡促进，切实推动经济、社会、文化权利和公民权利、政治权利的平衡发展。中共十八大以来，中国共产党和中国政府统筹推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党“四个全面”战略布局，推进了中国人权事业的全面发展，体现了人权的整体性发展思想。
Overall progress in all rights is a major principle of realization of human rights. All human rights are interdependent and inalienable. China coordinates the planning and promotion of all rights and endeavors to achieve a balanced development of economic, social, and cultural rights and civil and political rights. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC and the Chinese government has sought to make overall economic, political, cultural, social, and environmental progress, known as the Five-point Strategy, and made comprehensive moves to complete a moderately prosperous society in all respects, further reform, advance the rule of law, and strengthen Party discipline, known as the Four-pronged Strategy. In this way, China has made comprehensive progress in human rights through an integrated approach.
——人民的获得感、幸福感、安全感是检验人权实现的重要标准。把人民对美好生活的向往落实到实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民根本利益上，不断提高人民群众获得感、幸福感、安全感，是中国共产党执政的核心精神所在。坚持人民在人权事业中的主体地位，把人民利益摆在至高无上的位置，让人民过上好日子，使发展成果更多更公平地惠及全体人民，让每个人更好地发展自我、幸福生活，让每个人都能够免于恐惧、不受威胁，是实现人人享有更加充分人权的真谛所在。
People's sense of gain, happiness and security is an important criterion for evaluating human rights. The core spirit of CPC governance lies in fulfilling the people's aspiration for a better life by realizing, safeguarding and developing their fundamental interests, and in enhancing their sense of gain, happiness and security. For everyone to fully enjoy human rights, we must uphold the people-centered approach, prioritize the people's interests before anything else, and ensure a good life for the people. We must ensure that the fruits of development offer greater benefits to all the people in a fair way, enable every person to enjoy opportunities for self-development and a good life, and prevent them from fear and threat.
——公正合理包容是国际人权治理的基本原则。国际社会应秉持和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由的人类共同价值，维护人的尊严和权利，推动形成更加公正合理包容的全球人权治理。中国一直是国际人权事业健康发展的倡导者、践行者和推动者，反对将人权政治化或搞人权“双重标准”，推动国际社会以公正客观非选择的方式处理人权问题。中国全面深入参与国际人权交流、对话与合作，与各国一道推动共同构建人类命运共同体，开创世界美好未来。
Fairness, being reasonable and inclusiveness are the basic principles of international human rights governance. The international community should uphold the shared values of humanity – peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy and freedom. It must safeguard human dignity and rights, and strive for fairer, more reasonable and inclusive global human rights governance. China is a supporter, practitioner and promoter of international human rights. It opposes politicizing human rights or applying double standards in matters related to human rights, and encourages the international community to address human rights issues in a fair, objective and non-selective manner. China is engaged in extensive, in-depth international exchanges, dialogue and cooperation concerning human rights, and works with the rest of the world to build a global community of shared future and a beautiful world.
——促进人的自由全面发展是人权的最高价值追求。每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件。人权的主体是人，人权事业发展从根本上说是人的发展，要为人实现自身潜能创造条件。中国全面建成小康社会和实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，就是让人民有更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更满意的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高水平的医疗服务、更舒适的居住条件、更优美的环境，让每个人都能更有尊严地发展自我和奉献社会，共同享有人生出彩的机会，共同享有梦想成真的机会，增进人民福祉，促进人的全面发展。
The free and well-rounded development of every person is the ultimate goal of human rights. The free development of each individual is the precondition for the free development of all people. Human rights are people's rights; human rights development means people's development. We must create the conditions for people's self-actualization. By building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, China aims to fulfill the people's aspirations for a better education, more stable jobs, higher incomes, more reliable social security, better medical and health care, improved housing conditions, and a beautiful environment. It aims to enable every person to enjoy self-development and serve society with dignity, to ensure equal opportunities for all to live a rewarding life and realize their dreams, to improve their wellbeing, and to promote their well-rounded development.
