五、科技支撑体系基本建立
V. Sci-tech Support System Is in Place
新中国成立以来，青藏高原科学研究经历了从局部到整体、从单学科研究到综合研究、从国内合作到国际合作的发展过程，现已形成较高水平的科研力量，建成了较为完备的生态与环境监测体系。在青藏高原社会经济发展和生态文明建设中，科技发挥着越来越重要的支撑作用。
Since the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, scientific research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has developed from partial, single-subject, domestic research to integrated, comprehensive research involving international cooperation. A team of high-caliber researchers has been established, together with an ecological and environmental monitoring system. Sci-tech is playing an ever more important supporting role in socio-economic development and ecological progress on the Plateau.
一流的科技队伍与科技成果
Top-notch researchers and sci-tech achievements
中国科技工作者从20世纪50年代开始对青藏高原局部地区开展短期、小范围的科学考察。20世纪70年代初至80年代末持续开展了大规模的综合科学考察，获得了数百万字的第一手科学考察资料，出版了包括43部专著的《青藏高原科学考察丛书》，成为第一套青藏高原百科全书。早在1978年全国科学大会上，中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队就获得国务院嘉奖。“青藏高原隆起及其对自然环境与人类活动影响的综合研究”于1987年获国家自然科学一等奖。20世纪90年代以来，结合青藏高原社会经济发展、生态环境建设的需求，开展了区域资源合理开发、生态环境恢复与治理、社会经济发展规划等研究工作，并对青藏高原的形成演化、影响等科学问题开展了相关学科的系统研究。第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究将持续为高原生态文明建设提供全面科技支撑，聚焦水、生态、人类活动，着力解决青藏高原资源环境承载力、灾害风险、绿色发展途径等方面的问题。
Chinese sci-tech workers started short-term, small-scale scientific studies on part of the Plateau in the 1950s. Large-scale and comprehensive investigation work was carried out from the early 1970s to the late 1980s, generating firsthand materials totaling several million Chinese characters. Based on the materials, quite a number of books, including 43 monographs, on the Plateau research were published, making up the first Qinghai-Tibet Plateau encyclopedia. The team under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was commended by the State Council at the commended 1978 National Conference on Science. Comprehensive Research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau's Rise and on Its Effects on Environment and Human Activities won the first prize of the 1987 National Award for Natural Science. Since the 1990s, to meet the needs of socio-economic development and environmental improvement on the Plateau, the Chinese government has launched research programs on the rational development of regional resources, ecological restoration and environmental governance, and planning for socio-economic development, and carried out systematic research in related subjects on the formation, evolution, and influence of the Plateau, and some other scientific issues. The second round of comprehensive investigation and research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau will continue providing comprehensive sci-tech support for local ecological progress, with focus on water, ecology, and human activities, and with the goal of solving such problems as environmental carrying capacity, disaster risks, and approaches to green development.
60多年来，以中国科学院为主的科技队伍在青藏高原基础研究及应用研究方面取得许多开拓性科学成就。例如，刘东生院士在青藏高原隆起与东亚季风变化研究的基础上，建立了构造－气候科学学说；叶笃正院士提出青藏高原在夏季是热源的见解，开拓了大地形热力作用研究，创立了青藏高原气象学。这些创新成果推动了相关学科的发展，在区域社会经济发展、基础设施建设和生态环境建设中发挥了科技支撑作用。
Over the past 60 years or more, the sci-tech workers, with those from the CAS as mainstay, have made pioneering achievements in basic and applied research on the Plateau. For example, Academician Liu Dongsheng established the tectonics-climate theory based on his research on the Plateau's rise and East Asian monsoon climate change; Academician Ye Duzheng proposed that the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a thermal source in summer, and thus pioneered research on topography and thermodynamic activities and established the basics of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau meteorology theory. These innovative achievements have driven related subjects forward, and played a supporting role in the region's socio-economic development, infrastructure construction and environmental improvement.
目前，中国已拥有一支积累雄厚、学科配套、老中青相结合的从事青藏高原研究的科技队伍，包括40多位中国科学院院士和中国工程院院士、100多名“千人计划”和“万人计划”入选者、国家杰出青年基金获得者等领军人才。其中，刘东生、叶笃正和吴征镒分别荣获2003、2005和2007年国家最高科学技术奖，孙鸿烈荣获2009年“艾托里·马约拉纳-伊利斯科学和平奖”，姚檀栋荣获2017年“瑞典人类学和地理学会维加奖”，他们关于青藏高原的研究成就享誉国际。
China now boasts a sci-tech team engaged in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau research, with accumulated experience and expertise and supported by relevant subjects. The team has senior, middle-aged and young researchers, including more than 40 academicians of the CAS and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, more than 100 awardees of the Plan for Introducing Overseas High-level Talents (also called the Thousand Talents Plan) and the Special National Plan for High-level Talents (also called the 10,000 Talents Plan), and winners of the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, and some other leading talent. Among them, Liu Dongsheng won the 2003 Highest Science and Technology Award of China, Ye Duzheng, the 2005 award, and Wu Zhengyi, the 2007 award; Sun Honglie won the Ettore Majorana-Erice Science for Peace Prize 2009; and Yao Tandong won the 2017 Vega Medal of Svenska S?llskapet f?r Antropologi och Geografi. These scientists are renowned around the world for their research achievements on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
日益健全的生态与环境监测体系
An improved eco-environmental monitoring system
为监测青藏高原的生态环境变化，中国建立了较为完备的监测体系，包括中国生态系统研究网络、高寒区地表过程与环境监测研究网络，以及环保、国土、农业、林业、水利、气象等专业观测网络，形成了天地一体化的监测预警体系。中国生态系统研究网络在青藏高原及周边建有森林、草地、农田和荒漠等8个不同生态系统类型的观测台站，对高原生态系统变化开展长期的定位监测，揭示生态系统及环境要素的变化规律及其动因。高寒区地表过程与环境监测研究网络实现了对青藏高原地表环境变化过程的连续监测。
To monitor eco-environmental changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China has set up a relatively complete monitoring and early-warning system that integrates air and land networks, including a Chinese ecosystem research network, a network for monitoring and studying earth surface processes and environment in extremely cold areas of high altitude, and observation networks in environmental protection, land, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, meteorology and some other fields. Under the Chinese ecosystem research network, observation stations for eight different ecosystems, including forest, grassland, farmland and desert, have been set up on the Plateau and surrounding areas, offering long-term located monitoring of changes of the Plateau ecosystem and thus revealing laws for and causes of changes in the ecosystem and environmental factors. With the network for monitoring and studying earth surface processes and environment in extremely cold areas of high altitude, researchers have performed continuous monitoring of environmental change on the Plateau surface.
“十二五”期间，气象部门在青藏高原增建了9部新一代天气雷达、18个高空气象观测站、123个国家级地面气象观测站、1361个区域气象观测站，发射了3颗风云系列气象卫星，完善了气象观测试验站网。西藏自治区和青海省目前分别建成国家地表水考核断面22个和19个、国控城市空气质量监测站点18个和11个。在一些重点区域，如三江源地区，相关部门构建了星－机－地生态综合立体监测与评估系统，建立了该区域时间序列最长、数据项最全的高质量数据库。生态环境监测网络的健全与数据质量的提高，促进了环境管理水平和效率大幅提升。
During the 12th Five-year Plan period, meteorological departments set up nine new-generation weather radars, 18 aerological observation stations, 123 state-level ground meteorological observation stations, and 1,361 regional meteorological observation stations, and launched three Fengyun meteorological satellites, thereby improving the network of meteorological observation and test stations. Tibet autonomous region has set up 22 state-level surface water inspection sections and 18 state-controlled air quality monitoring stations; the corresponding figures for Qinghai province are 19 and 11. In some key areas, for example Sanjiangyuan, relevant departments have established a satellite-aircraft-earth integrated, stereoscopic monitoring and evaluation system, and a high-quality database spanning the longest time period and containing the most data items in this area. With improved ecological and environmental monitoring networks and enhanced data quality, environmental governance has improved greatly in terms of capability and efficiency.
科技支撑绿色发展
Sci-tech-supported green development
在青藏高原经济社会和生态文明建设中，科技的支撑作用日益显现。
Sci-tech is playing a more obvious supporting role in socio-economic development and ecological progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
青藏铁路的建设和运营是科技创新引领绿色发展的标志性工程。青藏铁路格尔木－拉萨段（格拉段）全长1142公里，工程建设面临冻土消融、高寒缺氧、生态脆弱三大世界性工程难题。格拉段穿越连续多年冻土区546.4公里，基于大量观测数据和科技成果，科技人员设计采用了以桥代路、片石通风路基、通风管路基、碎石和片石护坡、热棒、保温板、综合防排水体系等措施，保障了铁路修建。
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is a landmark project, demonstrating the guidance given by sci-tech innovation to green development. The Golmud-Lhasa section extends 1,142 kilometers, and construction workers were confronted with three extreme engineering problems: melting permafrost, hypoxia at high altitude, and a vulnerable ecology. As the section runs through permafrost regions for almost 546.4 km, sci-tech personnel designed and adopted such measures as replacing surface routes with viaducts, rubble ventilated embankments, ventiduct roadbeds, gravel and rubble revetments, heat conducting poles, insulation boards, and integrated waterproof and drainage systems. These were based on a great volume of observation data and previous technological achievements, ensuring the successful completion of this section.
青藏铁路穿越可可西里、三江源、色林错等多个国家级自然保护区，为保护藏羚羊等野生动物的生存环境，铁路全线建立了33处野生动物专用通道；为保护沿线生态环境，采取了沙害治理、植草绿化、草皮移植等一系列生态保护措施。青藏铁路建成运营后，多年冻土保持稳定，铁路两侧生态得到持续恢复，局部区域已接近甚至优于周边自然状态。青藏铁路建设成就在国际上获得高度评价。政府间气候变化专业委员会（IPCC）第四次和第五次《气候变化评估报告》认为，青藏铁路为其他国家和地区建设适应于气候变化的绿色铁路提供了成功案例。美国《科学》杂志2007年4月27日刊文指出，青藏铁路终将提升中国西部生态、社会、经济的可持续发展，它不仅是一个铁路工程，更是一个生态奇迹。“青藏铁路工程”获得2008年度国家科技进步奖特等奖。
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway also runs through some national nature reserves, including Hoh Xil, Sanjiangyuan and Siling Co. To protect the living environment of Tibetan antelopes and other wild animals, 33 special passageways were added along the railway; to protect the ecological environment, a series of measures were taken, including sand hazard control, grass planting, and turf transplanting. Since the railway was brought into operation, the permafrost has been stable, and the ecology along the line is recovering, with some areas approaching or even surpassing the level of their surroundings. The achievements of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have earned international acclaim. As the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stated in its fourth and fifth assessment reports, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway offers a successful example for other countries and regions in building "green" railways adapted to climate change. Science magazine in the United States published an article on April 27, 2007, pointing out that the railway will "ultimately promote the sustainable ecological, social, and economic development of western China", describing it as not only an engineering accomplishment, but also "an ecological miracle". The Qinghai-Tibet Railway Project won the special award of the 2008 National Award for Scientific and Technological Progress.
在三江源区退化生态系统的治理过程中，科学技术发挥了强有力的支撑作用。三江源“黑土滩”草地恢复技术体系，使“黑土滩”治理取得突破，相关科技成果获国家科技进步奖二等奖。牧草品种的原种籽栽培技术，为典型退化草地治理和人工种草提供了优质草种。
Sci-tech has played a strong supporting role in controlling the ecosystem degradation of the Sanjiangyuan region. A technical system for restoring degraded alpine meadows (Heitutan, or black soil land) has achieved big breakthroughs in relevant researches, and the achievements won a Class-II prize in the National Award for Scientific and Technological Progress. A technique for cultivating breeder seeds of forage grass has provided high-quality seeds for controlling typical degraded pastures and artificial grass planting.
藏医药是维护高原人民健康的宝贵财富，也是青藏高原发展特色经济的重大优势资源。为促进藏医药标准化、现代化和产业化发展，科技部门大力推动藏药材人工种植及野生抚育等关键技术研究与示范，积极开展藏医药基础及应用研究，不断完善藏医药标准和检验监测体系。在疾病防治、药物研发、养生保健等领域培育了一批创新型企业，打造了一系列藏药品牌产品。
Traditional Tibetan medicine is a precious health treasure for people living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and a major resource strength for the Plateau to develop a local specialty economy. To develop Tibetan medicine in a standard, modern and industrialized way, sci-tech departments have promoted research on and demonstration of key techniques, such as artificial planting and wild tending of Tibetan medicinal materials. They have carried out basic and applied research on Tibetan medicine, and kept improving the standards and the inspection and monitoring system of Tibetan medicine. They have fostered a group of innovative enterprises in prevention and treatment of diseases, research and development of drugs, and health preservation, and created a series of branded Tibetan medicine products.
