三、环境质量持续稳定
III. Steady Improvement of Environmental Quality
国家及地方政府在流域综合治理、农村与城镇人居环境改善、工矿污染防控等方面实施了一系列的环境保护工程。青藏高原环境质量及人居环境持续向好。
The central and local governments have carried out a number of environmental protection projects for comprehensive improvement of river basins, improvement of urban and rural living conditions, and prevention and control of pollution from factories and mines. As a result, the environmental quality and living conditions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have steadily improved.
水环境质量稳定良好
Quality of the water environment has kept improving.
青藏高原是亚洲多条主要江河的源头区，也是中国水资源管理和水环境保护最严格的区域之一。国家不断加大对青藏高原水环境保护力度，主要措施包括：编制重要水域综合规划，划定江河湖泊水功能区，明确水域功能和水质保护目标，核定重要江河湖泊水功能区纳污能力和限排总量，实行最严格的水资源管理制度。建立省（区）、地（市）、县（区）三级行政区考核指标体系，推进水生态环境保护与修复，保障青藏高原水生态环境安全。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is where a number of Asia's largest rivers see their headwaters; it is one of the regions under the strictest water resource management and water environment protection in China. The State has reinforced protection on the Plateau with a set of key measures including: Compiling comprehensive planning for major water bodies, demarcating the functional zones of rivers and lakes, clearly defining the functions of water bodies and the goals of water quality protection, determining the pollution accommodating capacity of major rivers and lakes and the total volume of discharges allowed, and introducing a strictest system of water resource management.A system of assessment quotas has been established at three administrative levels - province (autonomous region), prefecture (city) and county (district) - as a measure to promote water environment protection and restoration and ensure the security of water ecology on the Plateau.
“十二五”期间，国家投入253.12亿元，用于青藏高原农村饮水、水土保持、牧区水利等工程建设，解决了457.1万农牧民的饮水安全问题，并建成1400多座寺庙通水工程，保障了高氟、高砷、苦咸、污染水及局部严重缺水地区的饮水安全。2014年，国家投入4.78亿元，支持纳木错、羊卓雍错、克鲁克湖和黄河源湖泊群等湖泊流域的环境治理和生态修复。近年来，实施小流域生态综合治理、坡耕地水土流失综合整治等工程，新增水土流失治理面积1730平方公里。实施三江源、青海湖、祁连山生态保护等工程，每年向下游输送600亿立方米的优质水。目前，青藏高原主要江河湖泊基本处于天然状态，水质状况保持良好。
During the 12th Five-year Plan period, the state spent RMB25.31 billion on Plateau projects related to rural drinking water, water and soil conservation, and water conservation on pasture land, providing safe drinking water to 4.57 million farmers and herdsmen, and building water supply facilities for 1,400 monasteries. Drinking water is now safe in areas where local water has high fluoride and arsenide levels, tastes bitter and salty or is highly polluted, and in places that are seriously short of water. In 2014, the state invested RMB478 million in the environmental improvement and ecological restoration projects of Namco, Yamzho Yumco, Keluke Lake and the lakes at the source of the Yellow River. In recent years, a total of 1,730 sq km of land have been saved from soil erosion due to the effort invested in small river basin ecological improvement and hillside land soil conservation. Thanks to the ecological protection endeavors at the source of three large rivers, the Qinghai Lake and the Qilian Mountains, 60 billion cu m of quality water is supplied to downstream areas every year. At present, the major rivers and lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are basically in their original natural conditions with good water quality.
土壤功能有效提升
Soil functions have been effectively enhanced.
青藏高原是全球受污染最少的地区之一，土壤环境总体处于自然本底状态。土壤类型和重金属元素含量受控于成土母岩性质和气候条件，人类活动的影响较小。高原湖泊沉积物中铜、镍、铅等重金属元素含量低于人类活动频繁区湖泊沉积物。从耕地土壤来看，西藏大部分耕地土壤重金属元素含量优于国家一级土壤标准。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the least polluted areas on earth, and the soil environment is overall in its original environmental background state. The soil types and the heavy metal element content are determined by the property of parent rocks and climatic conditions, and little impacted by human activities. The content of copper, nickel, lead and other heavy metals in the local lake deposits is lower than those of lake deposits in places more frequented by humans. The heavy metal content in the arable soils is lower than the national standards for soil of Grade I.
随着生态建设与环境保护相关措施的逐步实施，青藏高原土壤生态功能得到有效提升。近50年，中国草地土壤碳储量呈波动式增加趋势，其中青藏高原草地土壤碳储量的贡献最大（63.1%），高原高寒草地3米深的土壤无机碳库约占全国土壤无机碳库的70%。从水源涵养能力看，青藏高原年均水源涵养量达3450亿立方米。三江源生态保护与建设一期工程完成后，林草生态系统年均水源涵养量比工程实施前增加了15.60%；围栏封育等措施也促进了土壤有机碳、土壤水分、土壤微生物环境等性状改善。
Along with the implementation of ecological and environmental protection measures, the ecological functions of the local soils have been effectively enhanced. Over the last 50 years, the carbon storage in China's grassland soils has displayed a tendency of undulating increase, with the grasslands on the Plateau contributing the most (63.1 percent) and the inorganic carbon pool in the soils three meters under the alpine grasslands accounting for 70 percent of the national total. The annual water conservation volume is 345 billion cubic meters. Following the completion of phase I of the Sanjiangyuan ecological protection and construction project, the annual water conservation volume of the forest and grassland ecosystems has increased by 15.6 percent, and fencing the forests has also contributed to improvement in the organic carbon, moisture and micro-organics content in the soils.
大气环境保持优良
Air environment has maintained good quality.
青藏高原人类活动强度较低，空气质量受人类活动影响较小，污染物种类较少，浓度较低，各类污染物含量与北极地区相当。随着绿色能源推广、生态城镇建设和农村环境综合治理的不断推进，青藏高原空气质量进一步改善。2016年，全国颗粒物年均浓度达标的96个重点城市中，16个位于青藏高原。目前，青藏高原地区仍然是地球上最洁净的地区之一。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a low intensity of human activity. The air quality is little impacted, the types of pollutants are few and the density is low, and the content of pollutants is similar to those at the North Pole. With the promotion of use of green energy, the progress in building ecological towns, and efforts to improve rural environment, the air quality on the Plateau has seen further improvement. Of the 96 key cities whose annual density of particles met relevant standards in 2016, 16 were located on the Plateau. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is still one of the cleanest regions on earth.
人居环境显著改善
Living environment has notably improved.
2009年以来，国家累计投入62.94亿元，支持西藏自治区、青海省以及四川、云南、甘肃藏区城镇的生活污水垃圾处理设施及污水管网项目，提高了当地城镇生活污水、垃圾处理能力。“十二五”以来，国家累计投入54.52亿元，支持高原诸省区开展农村环境综合整治。其中，安排西藏自治区3.49亿元、四川省16.31亿元、云南省14.54亿元、甘肃省8.99亿元、青海省11.19亿元。
The state has spent some RMB6.3 billion since 2009 on domestic sewage and waste disposal projects and sewage conduits in the towns of Tibet autonomous region, Qinghai province and the Tibetan-inhabited towns in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Gansu provinces, leading to a significant increase in local disposal capacity. Since the 12th Five-year Plan period, the state has invested RMB5.45 billion improving the rural environment on the Plateau. Of this sum, RMB349 million went to Tibet, 1.63 billion to Sichuan, 1.45 billion to Yunnan, 899 million to Gansu, and 1.12 billion to Qinghai.
西藏自治区加强城乡社区绿化美化，解决垃圾分类处理、噪声污染处理、污水排放、秸秆焚烧等问题。2010年以来，西藏自治区安排资金118.18亿元，开展5261个村人居环境建设和环境综合整治工作，建立农村环境长效管护机制，改善了环境质量。2008年以来，青海省开展农村环境连片整治工作，累计投入专项资金17.4亿元，对3015个村庄和游牧民定居点实施了环境综合整治，受益人口220万人，占全省农村总人口的76%。2014年，青海省启动高原美丽乡村建设工作，截至2017年年底，已完成建设投资107.7亿元。目前，青海省城市生活污水处理率、生活垃圾无害化处理率分别达到78.02%和96.69%，城镇人居环境明显改善。四川省甘孜州实施“垃圾污水三年行动”，2017年落实地方政府专项债券资金2.75亿元用于新型城镇化建设。截至2017年年底，四川省阿坝州共投资5.85亿元用于建设污水、垃圾处理设施。云南省迪庆州禁止在辖区内销售、提供、使用不降解的塑料制品，水污染、土壤污染和大气污染治理取得明显成效。甘肃省甘南州已投入52.46亿元，实施703个生态文明小康村建设项目，改善了这些村基础设施、公共服务、社会保障和生态环境等生产生活条件。
The Tibet autonomous region has worked to improve the living conditions of urban and rural communities and address problems related to garbage classification, noise pollution, sewage discharge, and straw burning. Since 2010, it has allocated RMB11.82 billion for the improvement of living conditions in more than 5,261 villages, and introduced long-term mechanisms for rural environment management and protection. Since 2008, Qinghai province has allocated RMB1.74 billion of special funds for the environmental improvement of over 3,015 villages and settlements of nomadic people, benefiting 2.2 million people - 76 percent of its rural population. In 2014, Qinghai started a beautiful village project, in which it had invested RMB10.77 billion by the end of 2017. Today, the rate of urban domestic sewage disposal has reached 78 percent and domestic waste bio-safety disposal 96.69 percent, and the living conditions have been notably improved in cities and towns. The Garze prefecture of Sichuan province has carried out a three-year action to address waste and sewage problems, and directed RMB275 million of local government special bond funds into new urbanization efforts. By the end of 2017, the Aba prefecture of Sichuan province had invested RMB585 million in sewage and waste disposal facilities. The Deqen prefecture of Yunnan province has prohibited the sale, supply and usage of non-degradable plastic products in the areas under its jurisdiction, and achieved marked progress in water, soil and air pollution control. The Gannan prefecture of Gansu province has spent RMB5.25 billion creating 703 "well-off villages" with a pleasant ecological environment, ending up in improving their infrastructure, public services, and social security.
