二、生态保育成效显著
II. Prominent Progress in Ecosystem Conservation
20世纪60年代以来，特别是90年代以来，中国政府在青藏高原部署了类型多样的生态保育工程，包括野生动植物保护及自然保护区建设、重点防护林体系建设、天然林资源保护、退耕还林还草、退牧还草、水土流失治理以及湿地保护与恢复等。西藏自治区实施了生态安全屏障保护与建设工程和“两江四河”（雅鲁藏布江、怒江、拉萨河、年楚河、雅砻河、狮泉河）流域造林绿化工程等。青海省实施了祁连山“山水林田湖草”生态保护修复工程、青海湖流域生态环境保护与综合治理工程、三江源生态保护和建设等重点生态工程。2011年，《青藏高原区域生态建设与环境保护规划（2011－2030年）》颁布实施。一系列生态建设工程的实施在生态保育方面取得了积极效果，生态系统退化的趋势得到控制，生物多样性持续恢复，一些重点生态工程区的生态功能全面好转。
Since the 1960s, and especially over the last three decades, the Chinese government has put in place various ecosystem conservation projects, including wildlife protection and nature reserve development, the construction of key shelter forests, natural forest conservation, returning farmland to forest and grassland, restoring grazing land to grassland, water and soil conservation, and wetland conservation and restoration. The Tibet Autonomous Region has implemented a project for the protection and construction of an eco-safety barrier, and a project for afforestation in the basins of the Yarlung Tsangpo, Nujiang, Lhasa, Nyangchu, Yalong, and Shiquan rivers. Qinghai Province implemented a project for the conservation and restoration of the Qilian Mountain ecosystem, composed of mountains, rivers, forest, farmland, lakes, and grassland, a project for the conservation and comprehensive improvement of the Qinghai Lake ecosystem, and a project for the ecological conservation and construction of Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve. In 2011, the Chinese government issued and implemented the Plan for Regional Ecological Construction and Environmental Protection on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2011-2030). A number of eco-projects have been implemented, achieving positive results in ecosystem conservation, bringing under control the degradation of the local ecosystem, restoring the biodiversity, and the ecological functions of several regions where key eco-projects were implemented have been comprehensively improved.
生态退化得到有效控制
Ecological degradation is under control.
高寒草地是青藏高原最主要的生态系统类型，发挥着重要的生态安全屏障功能，也是高原畜牧业的基础。由于气候变化和超载过牧等原因，高寒草地不断退化，至20世纪80年代中期，西藏自治区和青海省的草地面积为82万平方公里。此后，随着退牧还草、草原生态保护补助奖励政策以及草原鼠虫害防治等一系列草地生态保护建设工程的陆续实施，青藏高原草地保育成效逐步显现。研究表明，1982－2009年，青藏高原草地覆盖度和净初级生产力总体呈增加态势，草地覆盖度增加的区域约占草地总面积的47%，净初级生产力明显增加的面积达32%以上。近十年来，草地生态系统稳定向好。
Alpine grassland is a major ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, playing an important role as an eco-safety barrier, and serving as the basis of highland animal husbandry. Climate change, overgrazing and some other reasons caused continuous degradation of alpine grasslands. By the mid-1980s, the grassland area in Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province had been reduced to 820,000 sq km in total. Later, due to the implementation by the government of such policies as issuance of allowances for restoring grazing land to grassland and protecting the grassland ecosystem, and the undertaking of a number of grassland ecological conservation projects, such as pest and rodent prevention and control, progress was made in grassland ecosystem conservation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. According to research, from 1982 to 2009 the grassland coverage rate of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its net primary productivity (NPP) showed an overall increase, with newly-added grassland coverage accounting for 47 percent of the total, and the area with a dramatic NPP increase reaching more than 32 percent of the total. In the recent decade, the local grassland ecosystem has maintained steady and positive improvement.
青藏高原森林主要分布在滇西北、藏东南、川西、甘南和青海东部地区。1950年以来，森林资源在面积、蓄积、类型及空间分布格局等方面均发生了显著变化。2016年第九次全国森林资源清查结果显示，西藏林地面积达1798.19万公顷，森林面积1490.99万公顷，森林覆盖率12.14%，活立木总蓄积23.05亿立方米，与2011年第八次全国森林资源清查结果相比，林地与森林面积分别增加14.75万和19.87万公顷，森林覆盖率提高0.16个百分点，森林蓄积量增加2047万立方米，实现了森林面积和蓄积“双增”。
The forests on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are mainly distributed in northwest Yunnan, southeast Tibet, west Sichuan, south Gansu, and east Qinghai. Since the 1950s, great changes have taken place in terms of coverage, reserve, type, and spatial distribution of the forests. According to the results of the Ninth National Forest Resource Survey in 2016, in Tibet, the area of forested land was 17.98 million ha, that of forests was 14.91 million ha, the forest coverage rate was 12.14 percent, and the total stock of timber reached 2.3 billion cu m. Compared with the results of the Eighth National Forest Resource Survey conducted in 2011, in Tibet, the area of forested land and that of forests had increased by 147,500 ha and 198,700 ha respectively, the rate of forest coverage went up by 0.16 percentage point, and the stock of timber by 20.47 million cu m, an increase in both forest area and timber stock.
青藏高原是中国湿地分布最广、面积最大的区域。1990年，青藏高原湿地面积约为13.45万平方公里。1990－2006年，青藏高原湿地呈现出持续退化状态，以每年0.13%的速率减少，总面积减少了约3000平方公里。2006年以来，在湿地保护与自然因素综合作用下，湿地面积明显回升。至2011年，仅西藏自治区和青海省湿地面积已达14.67万平方公里，湿地退化态势总体上得到遏制。至2014年，青海省湿地面积达8.14万平方公里。近年来，随着保护力度的加大，湿地生态系统进一步好转。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau boasts the most and largest area of wetlands in China. In 1990, the total area of wetlands on the Plateau was about 134,500 sq km. From 1990 to 2006, local wetlands suffered continuous degradation at an annual rate of 0.13 percent. In this period, the total area of wetlands had been reduced by 3,000 sq km. Since 2006, due to efforts in conservation and natural environmental factors, the area of wetlands have picked up obviously. By 2011, the wetland area in Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province alone had reached 146,700 sq km, and the trend of wetland degradation had generally been contained. By 2014, the wetland area in Qinghai had reached 81,400 sq km. In recent years, as China has intensified efforts in conservation, further improvement has been witnessed in the local wetland ecosystem.
生物多样性保护成效显著
Significant achievements have been made in biodiversity protection.
青藏高原是全球生物多样性最丰富的地区之一，羌塘－三江源、岷山－横断山北段、喜马拉雅东南部和横断山南段等区域是我国生物多样性保护优先区域。高原特有种子植物3760余种，特有脊椎动物280余种，珍稀濒危高等植物300余种，珍稀濒危动物120余种。已建立的自然保护区，有效保护了青藏高原特有与珍稀濒危的动植物及其生存环境。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the regions with the richest biodiversity in the world. The Qiangtang-Sanjiangyuan area, the area extending from the Minshan Mountain to the northern range of Hengduan Mountains, the area southeast of the Himalayas, and the southern range of Hengduan Mountains are key biodiversity conservation zones in China. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has about 3,760 distinctive spermatophyte species, 280 distinctive vertebrate species, 300 rare and endangered species of higher plants, and 120 species of rare and endangered animals. The nature reserves established have effectively protected the rare and endangered wildlife unique to the Plateau as well as their habitats.
珍稀濒危物种种群的恢复与扩大是生物多样性保护成效的明显标志。研究表明，青藏高原黑颈鹤、藏羚羊、普氏原羚、野牦牛、马鹿、滇金丝猴等的个体数量正在稳步增加。雅鲁藏布江中游河谷黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区建立以来，到此越冬的黑颈鹤逐年增加，约占全球黑颈鹤数量的80%，已成为全球最大的黑颈鹤越冬地。羌塘高原藏羚羊个体数量从2000年的6万多只恢复到2016年的20万只以上，野牦牛个体数量由保护前的6000多头恢复到2016年的10000多头。白马雪山国家级自然保护区滇金丝猴个体数量由保护区建立前的约2000只恢复到2014年的约2500只。此外，在一些地方还发现新的珍稀濒危物种。国际上认为早已灭绝的西藏马鹿，1995年在西藏自治区桑日县被重新发现，且个体数量不断扩大。高黎贡山国家级自然保护区发现极度濒危物种怒江金丝猴。尕海－则岔国家级自然保护区监测到黑头噪鸦等。
The restoration and expansion of rare and endangered species is obvious evidence of success in biodiversity conservation. According to research, the numbers of black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis), Tibetan antelope (Pantholopshodgsonii), Przewalski's gazelle (Procapraprze walskii), wild yak (Bosmutus), red deer (Cervuselaphus), and Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopi thecusbieti), have increased steadily. Since the establishment of the Black-necked Crane National Nature Reserve on the Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet Autonomous Region in 1993, the number of overwintering black-necked crane has increased year by year, accounting for 80 percent of the world's total, and the nature reserve has become the world's largest wintering ground for black-necked cranes. The number of Tibetan antelope on the Qiangtang Plateau in Tibet Autonomous Region increased from about 60,000 in 2000 to over 200,000 in 2016. And the number of wild yak in this area increased from 6,000 before it was included for protection to 10,000 in 2016. At the Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, the number of Yunnan snubnosed monkeys increased from about 2,000 in 1988, when the nature reserve was established, to about 2,500 in 2014. Additionally, new populations of rare and endangered species have been found at several localities. The Tibet red deer, which had been considered extinct, was rediscovered in Sangri County, Tibetan Autonomous Region in 1995, and its number is increasing. The Burmese snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopith ecusstrykeri), one of the most endangered species, was found at the Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province. The Sichuan Jay (Perisoreus internigrans) was found at the Gahai-Zecha National Nature Reserve in Gansu Province.
改善生物栖息地是生物多样性保护的基础，青藏高原植被改善在整体上提升了野生动物栖息地环境质量。1998－2009年，西藏珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区核心区植被明显好转。2005年以来，三江源自然保护区荒漠化得到遏制，湿地面积增加，植被生态状况改善，野生动物栖息地破碎化趋势减缓且完整性逐步提高，生态环境明显好转。尕海－则岔国家级自然保护区内的尕海湖面积由2003年的480公顷增加到2013年的2354公顷，且近年来基本保持在2000公顷，水域面积增加促进了水禽类的繁衍生息。
Improvement of the wildlife habitats is the basis for protecting biodiversity. The improvement of vegetation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has improved the environmental quality of local wildlife habitats. From 1998 to 2009, marked improvement had been observed in the vegetation of core areas of the Mount Qomolangma National Nature Reserve in Tibet Autonomous Region. Since 2005, at the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province, desertification has been contained, the area of wetlands has been increased, vegetation has improved, wildlife habitat fragmentation has been slowed, and the eco-environment has notably improved. In the Gahai-Zecha National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province, the area of the Gahai Lake increased from 480 ha in 2003 to 2,354 ha in 2013, and has maintained a coverage in excess of 2,000 ha in recent years; this increase in the water surface area has helped water fowl to survive and multiply.
重点生态工程初见成效
Key eco-projects have produced preliminary results.
2009年，国家批准《西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设规划（2008－2030年）》，在西藏实施保护、建设和支撑保障三大类10项工程，截至2017年年底已累计投入96亿元。一期工程（2008－2014年）初步建成西藏生态工程的主体框架，部分重点工程已取得明显的生态环境效益，生态系统服务功能逐步提升，生态屏障功能稳定向好。
In 2009, the state approved the Plan for the Protection and Construction of the Eco-safety Barrier in Tibet (2008-2030). By the end of 2017, 10 projects concerning ecological conservation, construction, and support had been implemented, with a total investment of RMB9.6 billion. The first-stage project (2008-2014) completed the framework of Tibet's eco-projects; several key projects have begun to yield notable ecological effects; local ecosystem service functions improved steadily; and the functions of the ecological barrier remained stable and showed continuous improvement.
2005年，国家启动三江源自然保护区生态保护与建设工程，截至2017年年底已累计投入80亿元。2013年完成一期工程，草地退化趋势得到初步遏制，水体与湿地生态系统整体恢复，水源涵养和流域水供给能力提高。与2004年相比，长江、黄河、澜沧江三大江河年均向下游多输出58亿立方米的优质水，为区域经济社会发展提供了有力支撑。
In 2005, China launched a project for the ecological conservation and construction of Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve. By the end of 2017, the total investment amounted to RMB8 billion. By the end of the first-stage of the project in 2013, grassland degradation had been contained, water and wetland ecosystems had been restored, and water conservation and water supply capacity in river basins had improved. Compared with 2004, the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Lancang River provided their lower reaches with additional 5.8 billion cu m of quality water annually on the average - a forceful support for regional social and economic development.
