四、维吾尔族是经过长期迁徙融合形成的
IV. The Uygur Ethnic Group Formed Through a Long Process of Migration and Integration
维吾尔族先民的主体是隋唐时期的回纥人，活动在蒙古高原，曾经有乌护、乌纥、袁纥、韦纥、回纥等多种汉译名称。回纥人为了反抗突厥的压迫和奴役，联合铁勒诸部中的仆固、同罗等部组成了回纥部落联盟。744年，统一了回纥各部的首领骨力裴罗受唐朝册封。788年，回纥统治者上书唐朝，自请改为“回鹘”。840年，回鹘汗国被黠戛斯攻破，回鹘人除一部分迁入内地同汉人融合外，其余分为3支：一支迁往吐鲁番盆地和今天的吉木萨尔地区，建立了高昌回鹘王国；一支迁往河西走廊，与当地诸族交往融合，形成裕固族；一支迁往帕米尔以西，后分布在中亚至今喀什一带，与葛逻禄、样磨等部族一起建立了喀喇汗王朝。回鹘人相继融合了吐鲁番盆地的汉人、塔里木盆地的焉耆人、龟兹人、于阗人、疏勒人等，构成近代维吾尔族的主体。元代，维吾尔族先民在汉语中又称畏兀儿。元明时期，新疆各民族进一步融合，蒙古人尤其是察合台汗国的蒙古人基本和畏兀儿人融为一体，为畏兀儿补充了新鲜血液。1934年，新疆省发布政府令，决定统一使用维吾尔作为汉文规范称谓，意为维护你我团结，首次精确表达了Uygur名称的本意。
The main ancestors of the Uygurs were the Ouigour people who lived on the Mongolian Plateau during the Sui and Tang dynasties. Many different names were used in historical records to refer to this group of people.
Historically, to resist oppression and slavery by the Turks, the Ouigour people united with some of the Tiele tribes to form the Ouigour tribal alliance. In 744, the Tang court conferred a title on Kutlug Bilge Khagan, who united the Ouigour tribes. In 788, the then Ouigour ruler wrote to the Tang emperor, requesting to have their name changed to “Uighur”. After the Uighur Khanate was defeated by the Kyrgyz people in 840, some of the Uighurs moved inland to live with the Han people, and the rest were divided into three sub-groups. One of the sub-groups moved to the Turpan Basin and the present-day Jimsar region, where they founded the Uighur Kingdom of Gaochang. Another moved to the Hexi Corridor, where they merged with local ethnic groups to become what was later known as the Yugurs. The third sub-group moved to the west of Pamir, scattered in areas from Central Asia to Kashgar, and joined the Karluk and Yagma peoples in founding the Kara-Khanid Khanate. There they merged with the Han people in the Turpan Basin and the Yanqi, Qiuci, Khotan, Shule, and other peoples in the Tarim Basin to form the main body of the modern Uygur ethnic group. In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang further merged. The Mongols, especially those of the Chagatai Khanate, were fused with the Uighurs, adding fresh blood to the Uighur group. In 1934, Xinjiang issued a government order, stipulating that “维吾尔” would be the standard Chinese name for Uygurs, which for the first time expressed the accurate meaning of “Uygur”: to maintain unity among the people.
历史上，维吾尔族先民受突厥人奴役，两者是被奴役和奴役的关系。维吾尔族先民回纥早期受突厥统治，在唐朝军队支持下，起兵反抗东突厥汗国，并先后攻灭西突厥汗国、后突厥汗国。西突厥汗国灭亡后，一些使用突厥语族语言的部落向西迁徙，其中一支长期辗转西迁小亚细亚，融入当地诸族。维吾尔人不是突厥人的后裔。
The Ouigours endured slavery under the rule of the Turks. With support from Tang Dynasty troops, they rebelled against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and defeated the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Second Turkic Khaganate. After the demise of the Western Turkic Khaganate, some Turkic-speaking tribes migrated westward. One of these tribes gradually settled down in Asia Minor, and integrated with local ethnic groups. The Uygurs are not descendants of the Turks.
近代以来，一些“泛突厥主义”分子以西迁的部分使用突厥语族语言的部落融入当地诸族为借口，把使用突厥语族语言的各民族都说成是突厥人，这是别有用心的。语族和民族是两个不同的概念，有着本质的区别。中国使用突厥语族语言的有维吾尔、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、乌孜别克、塔塔尔、裕固、撒拉等民族，他们都具有各自历史和文化特质，绝不是所谓“突厥族”的组成部分。
Since the modern times, some Pan-Turkism advocates with ulterior motives have described all peoples of the Turkic language family as “the Turks” using the untenable argument that the Turkic-speaking tribe integrated with the ancestors of the Turkish people after migrating westward. A language family and an ethnic group are two essentially different concepts. In China, ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages include the Uygurs, Kazaks, Kirgiz, Uzbeks, Tatars, Yugurs, and Salars, each with its own history and unique culture. These peoples cannot be referred to as “Turks”.
