二、新疆从来不是“东突厥斯坦”
II. Xinjiang Has Never Been “East Turkistan”
突厥是6世纪中叶兴起于阿尔泰山地区的一个游牧部落，于552年消灭柔然汗国，建立突厥汗国。583年，突厥汗国以阿尔泰山为界，分为东、西两大势力。630年，唐朝发兵击败东突厥汗国。657年，唐朝联合回纥灭西突厥汗国，中央政权完全统一西域。682年，安置在北方的东突厥部众反叛唐朝，一度建立了后突厥汗国政权。744年，唐朝与漠北回纥、葛逻禄等联手平定了后突厥汗国。回纥首领骨力裴罗因功被册封为怀仁可汗，在漠北建立回纥汗国。突厥作为我国古代的一个游牧民族，也随着汗国的消亡于8世纪中后期解体，并在西迁中亚西亚过程中与当地部族融合，形成多个新的民族，新的民族与古突厥民族有本质区别。从此，突厥在我国北方退出历史舞台。
The Turks (Tujue in Chinese) were nomads who originated in the Altai Mountains in the middle of the 6th century. The Turks annihilated the Rouran and established a Turkic khanate in 552, which split into two forces, settling on either side of the Altai in 583. The Tang Dynasty defeated the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (583-630) in 630, and joined forces with the Ouigours to eliminate the Western Turkic Khaganate (583-657) in 657, thus uniting the Western Regions under central rule. In 682, the remnants of the Eastern Turks that were relocated in the north rebelled against the Tang court and established the Second Turkic Khaganate (682-744). This was quelled by the Tang in 744 with the help of the Ouigour and Karluk peoples in Mobei (the area north of the vast deserts on the Mongolian Plateau). Kutlug Bilge Khagan, leader of the Ouigours, was granted a title by the Tang court, and established a khanate in Mobei. In the late 8th century, the nomadic Turks dissolved as its last khanate collapsed. They mixed with local tribes during their migration to Central and West Asia, but these newly formed peoples were fundamentally different to the ancient Turks. Ever since then, Turks have disappeared from China’s northern regions.
中国历史上从来没有把新疆称为“东突厥斯坦”，更不存在所谓的“东突厥斯坦国”。18世纪至19世纪上半叶，随着西方对阿尔泰语系突厥语族各种语言的划分，一些国家的学者和作家频繁使用“突厥斯坦”一词，指代天山以南到阿富汗北部，大体包括新疆南部到中亚的地域，并且习惯以帕米尔高原为界，将这一地理区域分为“西突厥斯坦”和“东突厥斯坦”。19世纪末20世纪初，“泛突厥主义”“泛伊斯兰主义”思潮传入新疆以后，境内外分裂势力将这个地理名词政治化，将其内涵扩大化，鼓噪所有使用突厥语族语言和信奉伊斯兰教的民族联合起来，组成政教合一的“东突厥斯坦国”。所谓的“东突厥斯坦”论调，成为境内外民族分裂势力、国外反华势力企图分裂中国、肢解中国的政治工具和行动纲领。
Never in Chinese history has Xinjiang been referred to as “East Turkistan”, and there has never been any state known as “East Turkistan”. From the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century, as the West made a distinction between the various Turkic languages (branches of the Altaic languages), some foreign scholars and writers coined the term “Turkistan” to refer to the region south of the Tianshan Mountains and north of Afghanistan, which roughly covered the area from southern Xinjiang to Central Asia. They called the two areas on either side of the Pamirs “West Turkistan” and “East Turkistan”. At the turn of the 20th century, as “Pan-Turkism” and “Pan-Islamism” made inroads into Xinjiang, separatists in and outside China politicized the geographical concept and manipulated its meaning, inciting all ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages and believing in Islam to join in creating the theocratic state of “East Turkistan”. The advocacy of this so-called state has become a political tool and program for separatists and anti-China forces attempting to split China.
