The name the Wars of Roses was referring to the battles between the great house of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white.
玫瑰战争这个词是指两个家族间的战争，以红玫瑰为标志的蓝凯斯特家族和以白玫瑰为标志的约克家族。
In 1455, after Henry Ⅵ hand completely lost his reason, war broke out between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians. In 1461, the Duke of York's son Edward, emerged the victor and was proclaimed as Edward Ⅳ.
1455年，当亨利六世再也没有理由（将国家交给摄政者管理时），战争在约克家族成员和蓝凯斯特家族成员中爆发了。1461年，约克公爵的儿子爱德华战胜成功成为爱德华四世。
On August 22, 1458, the last battle of the Wars of Roses was fought between Richard Ⅲ and Henry Tudor.
1458年8月22日，玫瑰战争的最后一次战役在理查德三世和亨利都铎之间展开。
The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and end in freedom from the Papacy. Henry Ⅷ wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon. But Pope Clement Ⅲ refused to annul his marriage to Catherine.
改革以争取离婚开始，以脱离教皇而告终，亨利八世想与阿拉贡的公主凯瑟琳离婚，但教皇克莱蒙拒绝取消凯瑟琳和亨利八世之间的婚姻。
Henry's reform was to get rid of the English Church's connection with the Pope, and make an independent Church of England.
亨利改革的目的是拜托英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。
The laws (e.g. the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535) made his reform possible stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry's position.
使改革可行的法律（如1534年的《继承法案》和1535年的《至尊法案》）强调了君主的权利并自然加强了亨利的地位。
When Mary Tudor became Queen after Edward, she attempted to forcibly recovert England to Roman Catholicism. People call her "Blood Mary"。
玛丽都铎再爱德华后当上女王，她试图强迫人们重新皈依罗马天主教。人们叫她“血腥玛丽”。
Elizabeth's reign was a time of confident English national and of great achievements in literature and other acts, in exploration and in battle.
伊丽莎白统治时期，人民自信，民族主义高涨，在文学和其它艺术方面，在探险和对外作战方面都取得了巨大成功。
Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father’s independent Church of England.
伊丽莎白的宗教改革是各种观点的妥协，她中断玛丽与罗马的关系，恢复父王独立的英格兰教会。
For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.
将近30年来，伊丽莎白成功地令两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互相争斗，从而免于英国卷入任何主要的欧洲国的冲突。
The destruction of Spanish Armada showed England’s superiority as a naval power. It enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country in the years to come.
西班牙无敌舰队的灭亡表明英国海上强国的优势，使英国在随后的几年能成为强大的贸易和殖民国。
Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times, covering the years c1350-c1650. In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as the beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.
文艺复兴处于中世纪向现代的过渡时期。覆盖1350-1650年。英国的文艺复兴通常被认为开始于1485年都铎家族的继位。
English Renaissance achieved its first expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its first exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.
英国文艺复兴最好的表达方式是所谓的伊丽莎白戏剧。最好的代表任务是克里斯托夫。马洛；本。琼生和威廉。莎士比亚。
English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic, rather than philosophical scholarly.
英国文艺复兴时的文学主要是艺术的，而非哲学及学术的。
William Shakespeare wrote 37 plays, including the following tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Harmlet, king Lear, Othello, and Cymbeline.
威廉莎士比亚共写了37个剧本。悲剧包括：罗密欧与朱莉叶；朱略斯恺撒；麦克白；哈姆雷特；李尔王；奥赛罗和辛白林。
The most famous of the Catholic compiracies was the Gunpowder plot of 1605. on November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars.
最著名的天主教阴谋是1605年的火药阴谋案。1605年11月5日，几个狂热的天主教徒企图在议会大厦炸死国王和大臣，盖伊福克斯已在地窖放了炸药桶。
JamesⅠ, a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings, would have preferred on Parliament at all and actually did without one for seven years.
詹姆斯一世坚决相信“君权神授”，他根本不想要议会，而且连续7年从未召集过。
It was at this Parliament that the king was forced to accept the Petition of Right regarded as the second Magna Carta.
正式这届议会迫使国王接受《民权情愿书》——被视为第二个《大宪章》。
On August 22, 1642, the First Civil War began. The king's men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads.
1642.8.22，第一次内战爆发，支持国王者被成为“骑士派”，支持议会者被成为“圆颅派”。
Charles was tried by a High Court of Justice, found guilty of have levied war against his kingdom and the Parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside the Banqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649.
查尔斯在一级高级法院受审，犯有对王国和议会发动战争之罪，被判死刑，并于1649.1.30在宴会宫窗外的绞刑架上绞死。
The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shocked the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.
英国内战不仅推翻叻英国的封建制度，而且动摇叻欧洲封建统治的基础。
Meanwhile, Oliver Cromwell and the "Rump" declared England a commonwealth. In December 1653,by an Instrument of Government, he became Lord Protector of the commonwealth of England.
克伦威尔用“小议会”取代“残余国会”，1653.12，根据《施政文件》，他成了英格兰共和国护国会。
The Parliament thus elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late king's son to return from his long exile in France as king CharlesⅡ. The Restoration as it was called, was relatively smooth.
1660年选出的议会要求上任国王的儿子从长期流亡的法国回国做查尔斯二世，从而解决叻危机，所谓王权复辟相对平和。
Te Eglish politicians rejected JamesⅡ, and appealed to a protestant king, William of Orange to invade and take the English throne. This take-over became known as the Glorious Revolution.
英国政客反对詹姆斯二世。他们呼吁新教的国王，奥兰治亲王威廉入侵英国夺取王位。这就是“光荣革命”。
William and Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights which confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy. Thus the age of constitutioned monarchy of a monarchy.
威廉和玛丽共同接受了《权利法案》，此法案确立了议会权利至高无上的原则，议会限制王权的君主立宪制时代开始了。
It was during Anne's reign that the name great Britain came into being when in 1707, the Act of Union united England and Scotland.
正是安妮统治的1707年，大不列颠这个名称产生，《联合法》把英格兰和苏格兰统一起来。
