- When it’s all said and done at the end of the day, I can say I made a difference in the world.
长日将尽,一切尘埃落定,我可以说我让世界更美好了。
听到这样的句式,会否有些尴尬?如果是,那请加入我们的行列。Clichés就像是预制语块,常常是思想表达的一种懒惰方式。
很多陈词滥调四处传播,人们有时会误读或在写作中误用它们,这也很好地表明人们并没有真正思考他们正在说的是什么。例如,我们看到很多无意义地使用for all intensive purposes的场合,这是for all intents and purposes的一个变体。很多例子是用在演讲的场合,但也出现在像科技期刊这样高冷的地方。刊物的投稿人和编辑们真该好好了解一下是否可以让这个短语通过。
减持你的语言!
好的写作换句话说就是以直截了当的方式传达你的信息的写作方式,让你的听众和读者能够理解你所说所写,不至于听众因为听到一个陈词滥调、语法错误或者一些语言失礼而对你的失去热情。
下面是一些常见的老套表达:
- We’re still as sick as a parrot about the result.
- When it’s all said and done, at the end of the day, I can say I made a difference in the world.
第一个例子来自一份报纸,第二个来自电视新闻节目字幕。
Clichés指由于过分使用而不再有趣或有效果的词汇或短语。它们最初可能是富有创意、引人入胜的短语,但被广泛地、随意地使用,以至于失去了影响力,变了味儿。
Clichés也是我们日常言语的一部分,我们经常都没有意识到在使用这些陈旧词汇。它们也经常出现在某些类型(如新闻)的写作中或活动领域(如体育、商业或政治)中。
Clichés的使用有什么不妥吗?
当你做较为正式的写作时,最好避免使用陈词滥调。它们往往会得罪别人,尤其是一些词汇过度使用后甚至会留下你懒惰或不经认真思考的印象。有些人还会自动屏蔽掉这些陈词滥调,这就可能会错过你要表达的观点。
下面列出一些常见的clichés,供您参考或力图避免:
- at the end of the day 嘴中、到头来
- back on track 重回正轨
- the fact of the matter 实际情况
- few and far between 寥寥无几
- a level playing field 公平竞争的环境
- in this day and age 在这个时代
- to all intents and purposes 达到所有目的
- when all’s said and done 当尘埃落定
- in the final analysis 归根到底
- come full circle 周而复始
- par for the course 意料之中
- think outside the box 跳出框框思考
- avoid someone or something like the plague 像避开瘟疫一样的避开某人或事
- in the current climate 在目前环境下
- mass exodus 大举迁徙
- at this moment in time 此时此刻
- the path of least resistance 最小阻力路径
- a baptism of fire 一次火的洗礼,严峻考验
- in any way, shape, or form 在任何情况下
- fit for purpose 量身定制、有的放矢
- Action points 行动要点
在写作中一旦遇到cliché,你可能需要重新措词。这里有一些提示或策略,希望能帮助到你。
1. 想想看这个cliché到底是什么意思
想一想这个表达的基本词义,你可能会发现一些同义关键词,或表达不同部分的关键词。现在你可以:
- 用这些关键词替换cliché
- 在同义词词典中查找替换词
如果你觉得很难总结出基本词义,那就在词典中查查这个cliché。然后用词典中的定义作为基础,在同义词词典中查找替换词。
2. 想想是否真的需要使用这个表达
很多cliché只是长篇大论中的“填充剂”,就像使用一些单词或词组只是为了维持演讲的流畅性,或是为了衬托某个演讲或一篇文章。如果你认定这个表达是此类情况,你可以完全删了它。冗长的、过度使用的短语会让文章篇幅变长,但并不能提高文章整体质量。
3. 改写你的句子
下面是一些你可以在写作中替换cliché的例子。首先,你发现句子中含有某个cliché(第一行粗体字),然后,分析它们的含义,给出一些关键字。最后,根据一些改写建议将原句中的cliché改写。
原句:In this day and age, websites are one of the most significant public faces of any organization.
关键字:nowadays, today
改写后:Today, websites are one of the most significant public faces of any organization.
原句:His first job, in an industrial area of the UK, proved to be a baptism of fire.
关键字:a difficult introduction to a new job or activity
改写后:His first job, in an industrial area of the UK, proved to be a difficult start to his career.
原句:The long-term prospects for the service are looking fairly bleak at this moment in time.
关键字:now
改写后:The long-term prospects for the service are currently looking fairly bleak.
原句:At the end of the day, it is the minister himself who has to make the decision.
关键字:finally, ultimately
改写后:Ultimately, it is the minister himself who has to make the decision.
原句:The authorities announced that they would not tolerate drugs within the sport in any way, shape, or form.
关键字:under any circumstances
改写后:The authorities announced that they would not tolerate drugs within the sport.
原句:In the closing scene, the film comes full circle
关键字:return to a previous position or situation
改写后:In the closing scenes, the film returns to the ideas with which it began.
原句:The 1970s were a time when detention without trial was par for the course.
关键字:what is normal or expected in a certain situation
改写后:The 1970s were a time when detention without trial was a normal occurrence.
原句:Children’s services in the city’s hospitals were not fit for purpose, according to the report.
关键字:meet the required standards
改写后:Children’s services in the city’s hospitals were not meeting the required standards, according to the report
原句:The company considers that this requirement is, to all intents and purposes, impossible to achieve.
关键字:in all important respects
改写后:The company considers that this requirement is impossible to achieve.
原句:With a troubled domestic agenda, the president took the path of least resistance.
关键字:the easiest course of action
改写后:With a troubled domestic agenda, the president chose the easiest course of action.
要点总结
虽然我们无法完全避免一些cliché,但请记住:
- Cliché可能会是沟通和清晰表达中的障碍。
- Cliché通常可以被改写,通过减少三两个词就能以更清晰或更原始的方式表达你的意思。
- Cliché有时可以完全删掉,也不会影响到整个句子的含义。
(本文内容编译自牛津英语辞典博客)